Table of Contents

Figures vii

Tables xi

Acknowledgements xv

Preface xvii

1 Introduction 1

Introduction 1

Definitions and Meanings 3

Scope, Scales and Settings of Routes and Trails 8

Conclusion 15

2 Cultural Routes and Heritage Trails 17

Introduction 17

Purposes of Cultural Heritage Trails 18

Cultural Heritage Trails as Tourism Resources 20

Conclusion 57

3 Nature Trails and Mixed Routes 60

Introduction 60

Nature Trails 60

Mixed Routes 77

Conclusion 94

4 Demand for Trails and Routes 96

Introduction 96

General Trends in Demand 97

Characteristics of Trail Users 103

Access and Location 107

Trail Uses 110

Experience, Enjoyment and Satisfaction 112

Barriers to Use 121

Conclusion 124

5 Tourism, Recreation and Trail Impacts 126

Introduction 126

Type of Trail/Route Impacts 127

Conclusion 162

6 Planning and Developing Trails and Routes 164

Introduction 164

Route Designation and Related Policies 165

Planning and Developing Trails and Routes 179

Trail Design 196

Conclusion 212

7 Managing Routes and Trails 214

Introduction 214

Supply Versus Demand Techniques 215

Visitor Management Frameworks and Procedures 235

Conclusion 245

8 Reflections and Futures 247

Reflections 247

Futures 255

References 258

Index 296