| List of Figures | xi |
| List of Tables | xvii |
| Nomenclature | xix |
| Foreword | xxiii |
| Preface | xxv |
Chapter 1 | Introduction | 1 |
1.1 | Need for Thermal Control | 1 |
1.2 | Reliability and Temperature | 3 |
1.3 | Levels of Thermal Resistance | 4 |
1.4 | Thermal Design Considerations | 5 |
1.5 | Optimization and Life-Cycle Cost | 6 |
Chapter 2 | Conduction | 9 |
2.1 | Fundamental Law of Heat Conduction | 9 |
2.2 | General Differential Equations for Conduction | 10 |
2.3 | One-Dimensional Heat Conduction | 16 |
2.4 | Thermal/Electrical Analogy | 17 |
2.5 | Lumped-System Transient Analysis | 20 |
2.6 | Heat Conduction with Phase Change | 25 |
Chapter 3 | Convection | 31 |
3.1 | Flow and Temperature Fields | 31 |
3.2 | Heat Transfer Coefficient | 34 |
3.3 | Parameter Effects on Heat Transfer | 35 |
3.4 | Pressure Drop and Friction Factor | 43 |
3.5 | Thermal Properties of Fluids | 46 |
3.6 | Correlations for Heat Transfer and Friction | 47 |
Chapter 4 | Radiation | 53 |
4.1 | Stefan-Boltzmann Law | 53 |
4.2 | Kirchhoff's Law and Emissivity | 54 |
4.3 | Radiation Between Black Isothermal Surfaces | 55 |
4.4 | Radiation Between Gray Isothermal Surfaces | 58 |
4.5 | Extreme Climatic Conditions | 61 |
Chapter 5 | Pool Boiling | 67 |
5.1 | Boiling Curve | 67 |
5.2 | Nucleate Boiling | 70 |
5.3 | Incipient Boiling at Heating Surfaces | 72 |
5.4 | Nucleate Boiling Correlations | 76 |
5.5 | Critical Heat Flux Correlations | 77 |
5.6 | Minimum Heat Flux Correlations (Leidenforst Point) | 79 |
5.7 | Parameters Affecting Pool Boiling | 81 |
5.8 | Effect of Gravity on Pool Boiling | 87 |
Chapter 6 | Flow Boiling | 95 |
6.1 | Flow Patterns | 95 |
6.2 | Heat Transfer Mechanisms | 95 |
6.3 | Boiling Crisis | 98 |
6.4 | Heat Transfer Equations | 99 |
6.5 | Thermal Enhancement | 109 |
6.6 | Pressure Drop | 109 |
Chapter 7 | Condensation | 115 |
7.1 | Modes of Condensation | 115 |
7.2 | Heat Transfer in Filmwise Condensation | 116 |
7.3 | Improvements Over Nusselt Analysis | 121 |
7.4 | Condensation Inside a Horizontal Tube | 123 |
7.5 | Noncondensable Gas in a Condenser | 127 |
Chapter 8 | Extended Surfaces | 131 |
8.1 | Uniform-Cross Section Fins | 131 |
8.2 | Fin Efficiency | 134 |
8.3 | Selection and Design of Fins | 137 |
Chapter 9 | Thermal Interface Resistance | 141 |
9.1 | Factors Affecting Thermal Contact Resistance | 141 |
9.2 | Joint Thermal Contact Resistance | 145 |
9.3 | Methods of Reducing Thermal Contact Resistance | 147 |
9.4 | Solder and Epoxy Joints | 159 |
9.5 | Practical Design Data | 160 |
Chapter 10 | Components and Printed Circuit Boards | 169 |
10.1 | Chip Packaging Technology | 169 |
10.2 | Chip Package Thermal Resistance | 172 |
10.3 | Chip Package Attachment | 173 |
10.4 | Board-Cooling Methods | 176 |
10.5 | Board Thermal Analysis | 177 |
10.6 | Equivalent Thermal Conductivity | 178 |
Chapter 11 | Direct Air Cooling and Fans | 185 |
11.1 | Previous Work | 185 |
11.2 | Heat Transfer Correlations | 187 |
11.3 | Pressure Drop Correlations | 190 |
11.4 | Heat Transfer Enhancement | 194 |
11.5 | Fans and Air-Handling Systems | 197 |
Chapter 12 | Natural and Mixed Convection | 213 |
12.1 | Parallel Plates | 214 |
12.2 | Straight-Fin Arrays | 220 |
12.3 | Pin-Fin Arrays | 229 |
12.4 | Enclosures | 234 |
12.5 | Mixed Convection in Vertical Plates | 237 |
Chapter 13 | Heat Exchangers and Cold Plates | 243 |
13.1 | Compact Heat Exchangers | 243 |
13.2 | Flow Arrangement of Heat Exchangers | 244 |
13.3 | Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient | 244 |
13.4 | Heat Exchanger Effectiveness | 245 |
13.5 | Heat Exchanger Analysis | 246 |
13.6 | Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop | 248 |
13.7 | Geometric Factors | 250 |
13.8 | Cold-Plate Analysis | 251 |
13.9 | Correlations | 255 |
Chapter 14 | Advanced Cooling Technologies I: Single-Phase Liquid Cooling | 261 |
14.1 | Coolant Selection | 261 |
14.2 | Natural Convection | 265 |
14.3 | Forced Convection | 267 |
Chapter 15 | Advanced Cooling Technologies II: Two-Phase Flow Cooling | 283 |
15.1 | Figure of Merit | 283 |
15.2 | Direct-Immersion Cooling | 285 |
15.3 | Enhancement of Pool Boiling | 287 |
15.4 | Flow Boiling | 300 |
Chapter 16 | Heat Pipes | 309 |
16.1 | Operation Principles | 309 |
16.2 | Useful Characteristics | 309 |
16.3 | Construction | 311 |
16.4 | Operation Limits | 312 |
16.5 | Materials Compatibility | 318 |
16.6 | Operating Temperatures | 320 |
16.7 | Operation Methods | 321 |
16.8 | Thermal Resistances | 323 |
16.9 | Applications | 325 |
16.10 | Micro Heat Pipes | 330 |
Chapter 17 | Thermoelectric Coolers | 335 |
17.1 | Basic Theories of Thermoelectricity | 335 |
17.2 | Net Thermoelectric Effect | 337 |
17.3 | Figure of Merit | 338 |
17.4 | Operation Principles | 339 |
17.5 | System Configurations | 339 |
17.6 | Performance Analysis | 340 |
17.7 | Practical Design Procedure | 344 |
| Appendices | 349 |
A. | Material Thermal Properties | 349 |
B. | Thermal Conductivity of Silicon and Gallium Arsenide | 351 |
C. | Properties of Air, Water, and Dielectric Fluids | 353 |
D. | Typical Emissivities of Materials | 371 |
E. | Solar Absorptivities and Emissivities of Common Surfaces | 373 |
F. | Properties of Phase-Change Materials | 375 |
G. | Friction Factor Correlations | 377 |
H. | Heat Transfer Correlations | 381 |
I. | Units Conversion Table | 403 |
| Index | 405 |
| About the Authors | 413 |