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    New Grub Street

    New Grub Street

    5.0 3

    by George Gissing, Francine Prose (Introduction)


    eBook

    $9.99
    $9.99

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    Francine Prose’s most recent book is The Lives of the Muses: Nine Women and the Artists They Inspired. A contributing editor at Harper’s, she is the author of ten books of fiction, including Blue Angel, a 2000 National Book Award finalist.


    From the Trade Paperback edition.

    Read an Excerpt

    Chapter 1

    A Man of His Day

    As the Milvains sat down to breakfast the clock of Wattleborough parish church struck eight; it was two miles away, but the strokes were borne very distinctly on the west wind this autumn morning. Jasper, listening before he cracked an egg, remarked with cheerfulness:

    “There’s a man being hanged in London at this moment.”

    “Surely it isn’t necessary to let us know that,” said his sister Maud, coldly.

    “And in such a tone, too!” protested his sister Dora.

    “Who is it?” inquired Mrs. Milvain, looking at her son with pained forehead.

    “I don’t know. It happened to catch my eye in the paper yesterday that someone was to be hanged at Newgate1 this morning. There’s a certain satisfaction in reflecting that it is not oneself.”

    “That’s your selfish way of looking at things,” said Maud.

    “Well,” returned Jasper, “seeing that the fact came into my head, what better use could I make of it? I could curse the brutality of an age that sanctioned such things; or I could grow doleful over the misery of the poor—fellow. But those emotions would be as little profitable to others as to myself. It just happened that I saw the thing in a light of consolation. Things are bad with me, but not so bad as that. I might be going out between Jack Ketch2 and the Chaplain to be hanged; instead of that, I am eating a really fresh egg, and very excellent buttered toast, with coffee as good as can be reasonably expected in this part of the world.—(Do try boiling the milk, mother.)—The tone in which I spoke was spontaneous; being so, it needs no justification.”

    He was a young man of five-and-twenty, well built, though a trifle meagre, and of pale complexion. He had hair that was very nearly black, and a clean-shaven face, best described, perhaps, as of bureaucratic type. The clothes he wore were of expensive material, but had seen a good deal of service. His stand-up collar curled over at the corners, and his necktie was lilac-sprigged.

    Of the two sisters, Dora, aged twenty, was the more like him in visage, but she spoke with a gentleness which seemed to indicate a different character. Maud, who was twenty-two, had bold, handsome features, and very beautiful hair of russet tinge; hers was not a face that readily smiled. Their mother had the look and manners of an invalid, though she sat at table in the ordinary way. All were dressed as ladies, though very simply. The room, which looked upon a small patch of garden, was furnished with old-fashioned comfort, only one or two objects suggesting the decorative spirit of 1882.

    “A man who comes to be hanged,” pursued Jasper, impartially, “has the satisfaction of knowing that he has brought society to its last resource. He is a man of such fatal importance that nothing will serve against him but the supreme effort of law. In a way, you know, that is success.”

    “In a way,” repeated Maud, scornfully.

    “Suppose we talk of something else,” suggested Dora, who seemed to fear a conflict between her sister and Jasper.

    Almost at the same moment a diversion was afforded by the arrival of the post. There was a letter for Mrs. Milvain, a letter and newspaper for her son. Whilst the girls and their mother talked of unimportant news communicated by the one correspondent, Jasper read the missive addressed to himself.

    “This is from Reardon,” he remarked to the younger girl. “Things are going badly with him. He is just the kind of fellow to end by poisoning or shooting himself.”

    “But why?”

    “Can’t get anything done; and begins to be sore troubled on his wife’s account.”

    “Is he ill?”

    “Overworked, I suppose. But it’s just what I foresaw. He isn’t the kind of man to keep up literary production as a paying business. In favourable circumstances he might write a fairly good book once every two or three years. The failure of his last depressed him, and now he is struggling hopelessly to get another done before the winter season. Those people will come to grief.”

    “The enjoyment with which he anticipates it!” murmured Maud, looking at her mother.

    “Not at all,” said Jasper. “It’s true I envied the fellow, because he persuaded a handsome girl to believe in him and share his risks, but I shall be very sorry if he goes to the—to the dogs. He’s my one serious friend. But it irritates me to see a man making such large demands upon fortune. One must be more modest—as I am. Because one book had a sort of success he imagined his struggles were over. He got a hundred pounds for ‘On Neutral Ground,’ and at once counted on a continuance of payments in geometrical proportion. I hinted to him that he couldn’t keep it up, and he smiled with tolerance, no doubt thinking ‘He judges me by himself.’ But I didn’t do anything of the kind.—(Toast, please, Dora.)—I’m a stronger man than Reardon; I can keep my eyes open, and wait.”

    “Is his wife the kind of person to grumble?” asked Mrs. Milvain.

    “Well, yes, I suspect that she is. The girl wasn’t content to go into modest rooms—they must furnish a flat. I rather wonder he didn’t start a carriage for her. Well, his next book brought only another hundred, and now, even if he finishes this one, it’s very doubtful if he’ll get as much. ‘The Optimist’ was practically a failure.”

    “Mr. Yule may leave them some money,” said Dora.

    “Yes. But he may live another ten years, and he would see them both in Marylebone Workhouse3 before he advanced sixpence, or I’m much mistaken in him. Her mother has only just enough to live upon; can’t possibly help them. Her brother wouldn’t give or lend twopence halfpenny.”

    “Has Mr. Reardon no relatives?” asked Maud.

    “I never heard him make mention of a single one. No, he has done the fatal thing. A man in his position, if he marry at all, must take either a work-girl or an heiress, and in many ways the work-girl is preferable.”

    “How can you say that?” asked Dora. “You never cease talking about the advantages of money.”

    “Oh, I don’t mean that for me the work-girl would be preferable; by no means; but for a man like Reardon. He is absurd enough to be conscientious, likes to be called an ‘artist,’ and so on. He might possibly earn a hundred and fifty a year if his mind were at rest, and that would be enough if he had married a decent little dressmaker. He wouldn’t desire superfluities, and the quality of his work would be its own reward. As it is, he’s ruined.”

    “And I repeat,” said Maud, “that you enjoy the prospect.”

    “Nothing of the kind. If I seem to speak exultantly it’s only because my intellect enjoys the clear perception of a fact.—A little marmalade, Dora; the home-made, please.”

    “But this is very sad, Jasper,” said Mrs. Milvain, in her half-absent way. “I suppose they can’t even go for a holiday?”

    “Quite out of the question.”

    “Not even if you invited them to come here for a week?”

    “Now, mother,” urged Maud, “that’s impossible, you know very well.”

    “I thought we might make an effort, dear. A holiday might mean everything to him.”

    “No, no,” fell from Jasper, thoughtfully. “I don’t think you’d get along very well with Mrs. Reardon; and then, if her uncle is coming to Mr. Yule’s, you know, that would be awkward.”

    “I suppose it would; though those people would only stay a day or two, Miss Harrow said.”

    “Why can’t Mr. Yule make them friends, those two lots of people?” asked Dora. “You say he’s on good terms with both.”

    “I suppose he thinks it’s no business of his.”

    Jasper mused over the letter from his friend.

    “Ten years hence,” he said, “if Reardon is still alive, I shall be lending him five-pound notes.”

    A smile of irony rose to Maud’s lips. Dora laughed.

    “To be sure! To be sure!” exclaimed their brother. “You have no faith. But just understand the difference between a man like Reardon and a man like me. He is the old type of unpractical artist; I am the literary man of 1882. He won’t make concessions, or rather, he can’t make them; he can’t supply the market. I—well, you may say that at present I do nothing; but that’s a great mistake, I am learning my business. Literature nowadays is a trade. Putting aside men of genius, who may succeed by mere cosmic force, your successful man of letters is your skilful tradesman. He thinks first and foremost of the markets; when one kind of goods begins to go off slackly, he is ready with something new and appetising. He knows perfectly all the possible sources of income. Whatever he has to sell he’ll get payment for it from all sorts of various quarters; none of your unpractical selling for a lump sum to a middleman who will make six distinct profits. Now, look you: if I had been in Reardon’s place, I’d have made four hundred at least out of ‘The Optimist’; I should have gone shrewdly to work with magazines and newspapers and foreign publishers, and—all sorts of people. Reardon can’t do that kind of thing, he’s behind his age; he sells a manuscript as if he lived in Sam Johnson’s Grub Street.4 But our Grub Street of to-day is quite a different place: it is supplied with telegraphic communication, it knows what literary fare is in demand in every part of the world, its inhabitants are men of business, however seedy.”

    “It sounds ignoble,” said Maud.

    “I have nothing to do with that, my dear girl. Now, as I tell you, I am slowly, but surely, learning the business. My line won’t be novels; I have failed in that direction, I’m not cut out for the work. It’s a pity, of course; there’s a great deal of money in it. But I have plenty of scope. In ten years, I repeat, I shall be making my thousand a year.”

    “I don’t remember that you stated the exact sum before,” Maud observed.

    “Let it pass. And to those who have shall be given. When I have a decent income of my own, I shall marry a woman with an income somewhat larger, so that casualties may be provided for.”

    Dora exclaimed, laughing:

    “It would amuse me very much if the Reardons got a lot of money at Mr. Yule’s death—and that can’t be ten years off, I’m sure.”

    “I don’t see that there’s any chance of their getting much,” replied Jasper, meditatively. “Mrs. Reardon is only his niece. The man’s brother and sister will have the first helping, I suppose. And then, if it comes to the second generation, the literary Yule has a daughter, and by her being invited here I should think she’s the favourite niece. No, no; depend upon it they won’t get anything at all.”

    Having finished his breakfast, he leaned back and began to unfold the London paper that had come by post.

    “Had Mr. Reardon any hopes of that kind at the time of his marriage, do you think?” inquired Mrs. Milvain.

    “Reardon? Good heavens, no! Would he were capable of such forethought!”

    In a few minutes Jasper was left alone in the room. When the servant came to clear the table he strolled slowly away, humming a tune.

    Table of Contents

    Introduction
    A Note on Victorian Publishing
    A Note on Incomes
    George Gissing: A Brief Chronology
    A Note on the Text
    New Grub Street

    Appendix A: Gissing on Writing

    1. From George Gissing’s Diary
    2. From Charles Dickens:A Critical Study (1898)
    3. From The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft (1903)

    Appendix B: Grub Street Old and New

    1. From Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language (1755)
    2. From Nathaniel Bailey, A Universal Etymological Dictionary (1782)
    3. From Samuel Johnson, An Account of the Life of Mr. Richard Savage (1748)
    4. From Isaac D’Israeli, The Calamities of Authors (1812)
    5. Thomas Macaulay on Samuel Johnson (1831)
    6. From Henri Murger, Scènes de la vie de Bohème (1851)
    7. A Description of the Reading Room at the British Museum (1867)
    8. From Walter Thornbury, Old and New London (1872)
    9. From James Payn, Some Literary Recollections (1884)
    10. From H.D. Traill, “Author and Critic,” Literature (1897)
    11. Differing views of Grub Street and New Grub Street, from The Author (1891)

    Appendix C: The Profession of Authorship

    1. From Thomas Carlyle, “The Hero as Man of Letters” (1841)
    2. From Anthony Trollope, An Autobiography (1883)
    3. Walter Besant and the Society of Authors
    4. Edmund Gosse Writes a Book Review
    5. From Leopold Wagner, How to Publish a Book or Article and How to Produce a Play. Advice to Young Authors (1898)
    6. Arnold Bennett on the Writing Profession

    Appendix D: Early Reviews

    1. Contradictory notices from the Saturday Review (1891)
    2. Anonymous, Court Journal (25 April 1891)
    3. L.F. Austin, Illustrated London News (2 May 1891)
    4. Anonymous, Spectator (30 May 1891)

    Selected Bibliography and Recommended Reading

    Reading Group Guide

    1. 1. The subjects of sex, class, and money permeate Gissing’s novels. To what extent does New Grub Street revolve around these themes? How important a role does Gissing suggest they play in our lives, or more specifically, the lives of the nineteenth-century literary class?

    2. 2. Do you think Edwin Reardon is a sympathetic figure? If not, why? Consider his relationship with Amy, with Jasper, and with the literary world in general. How does he fulfill the role of the anti-hero in New Grub Street? What are some of his weaknesses?

    3. 3. Many literary critics have remarked upon Gissing’s detailed and careful representation of women in his novels. Consider the roles of Marian, Amy, Jasper’s sisters, Dora and Maud, and even Mrs. Yule. Are there any similarities in their characters? Further, are their roles defined at all by the men in their lives? If so, how?

    4. 4. How is marriage represented in New Grub Street?

    5. 5. Consider Gissing’s attitude toward literature and the creation and consumption of it. What is he essentially saying about literature as an art form? Further, what do you think the novel suggests about writers and the process of writing?

    6. 6. Revisit the opening of the novel, when Jasper remarks at breakfast, “There’s a man being hanged in London at this moment,” and the following paragraphs. What do Jasper’s remarks tell us about him? Why do you suppose Gissing chose to begin his novel this way?

    7. 7. Consider Gissing’s description of London and environs. What role does the setting play in this novel? Further, how does Gissing’s use of the landscape coincide with his naturalist tendencies as a writer?

    8. 8. How does the idea of the “three-volume novel” (or the “three-decker”) function in the novel (which is also written in this form)? How is this format used as a motif, and how does it embody the machinations of the writing process? Examine the scenes of Reardon at work on his novel. What ideas do these scenes convey?

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    New Grub Street (1891), generally regarded as Gissing's finest novel, is the story of the daily lives and broken dreams of men and women forced to earn a living by the pen. With vivid realism it tells of a group of novelists, journalists, and scholars caught in the literary and cultural crisis that hit Britain in the closing years of the nineteenth century, as universal education, popular journalism, and mass communication began to leave their mark on the life of
    intellectuals.

    Projecting a strong sense of the London in which his characters struggle, Gissing also illuminates 'the valley of the shadow of books', where the spirit of alienation that created modernism was already stirring.

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    From the Publisher
    The most impressive of Gissing’s books . . . England has produced very few better novelists.” —George Orwell
    Christopher Lane
    "Few novels detail with such sparkling, bitter intelligence the emotional and financial toll that creating and publishing fiction can take on a writer's life. Yet, for all its bleakness, Gissing's satire remains a compelling read and a bracing book to teach, because it captures, like no other Victorian novel, the strains of innovation and enervation that alternately inspire and beleaguer its weary idealists and cunning pragmatists. New Grub Street has fresh relevance for us, as Stephen Arata's skilful introduction makes clear, because all its major themes—the pressures of commerce, financial precariousness, dwindling interest in literature and print journalism, and concern about maintaining a serious forum for art and ideas—are, if anything, even more urgent matters today."
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