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The Fascination of BIRDS From the Albatross to the Yellowthroat

Dover Publications, Inc.

ALBATROSS

Birds and Superstition

In a 1970 skit on Monty Python's Flying Circus, John Cleese dresses as an ice cream lady in a cinema and tries to sell a huge seabird to the filmgoers. He walks down the aisle yelling, "Albatross!" When asked what flavor it is, he replies, "It's a bloody sea bird.... It's not any bloody flavor."

A more famous albatross appears in Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner." The mariner tells a long story to a wedding guest, causing both of them to miss the wedding. Sailors considered the albatross a good omen, and the mariner caused an uproar on his ship when he shot one. Shortly after the shooting, the wind stopped, stranding the ship at sea. Coleridge then wrote the famous line: "Water, water everywhere, nor any drop to drink." The superstitious crew blamed the mariner for the bad luck, and he utters the lines that led to the expression about "having an albatross around your neck":

Ah wel-a-day! what evil looks
Had I from old and young!
Instead of the cross, the Albatross
About my neck was hung.

Albatrosses are found in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, but because they spend most of their time at sea, most humans have never seen one and never will. Unless you go to their nesting grounds during breeding season, you usually can see them only by taking a pelagic trip, which involves a boat ride far into the ocean. On their breeding grounds, pairs of albatrosses engage in affectionate courtship displays to strengthen their pair bond.

Albatrosses are among the longest-living birds in the world. In 2013 on Midway Atoll in the Pacific Ocean, a female Laysan Albatross named Wisdom, who in 1956 had an identification band put around her leg by the ornithologist Chandler Robbins, was located with a chick. Wisdom was thought to be sixty-two years old (having been about five years old when banded), making her the oldest documented wild bird in the Northern Hemisphere.

The Wandering Albatross has one of the longest wingspans of any bird in the world—more than eleven feet—and its hefty body can weigh up to twenty pounds. I saw Wandering Albatrosses on a pelagic trip from Australia, and one who flew near our boat seemed as big as a pterodactyl. Large albatrosses usually are found only in the Southern Hemisphere, which is where the first albatrosses are thought to have evolved. To fly from southern oceans to northern ones, a seabird must cross an area of calm winds near the equator called the doldrums; the expression "to be in the doldrums" comes from the problem sailors encountered when there was not adequate wind in this area to propel their boats. Smaller albatrosses can achieve adequate lift to take off from the water surface in calm winds, so they were able to make it through the doldrums and north of the equator. The term "smaller" is relative, because small albatrosses are quite large compared to most other seabirds.

In Bernard Shaw's 1934 play The Simpleton of the Unexpected Isles, one of the characters makes a pun about an "albatrocity." Ornithologist Carl Safina uses the same pun in a more serious context to describe why most of the world's albatross species now are threatened with extinction. In his 2002 book Eye of the Albatross, Safina explains how during the twentieth century, Pacific seabird colonies were ravaged to collect feathers (for bedding, pen quills, hats, and clothing), bird droppings (for fertilizer), and eggs (for photographic albumen prints). Modern society has introduced environmental regulations to reduce some of this ruthlessness, but twenty-first-century albatrosses are encountering different problems. There are no ocean equivalents of wilderness areas in which albatrosses can be protected, because all areas of the ocean are now accessible to large commercial fishing boats. Longline fishing is killing adult birds at sea and destroying their food sources. Miles of fishing line with tens of thousands of baited hooks stretch through the ocean. While the lines are being set, albatrosses and other seabirds dive for the bait. Some albatrosses swallow the hooks and are drowned when yanked underwater by the lines. Another albatrocity is caused by plastic and other trash. Safina describes a mother albatross trying to regurgitate food for a chick and revealing a toothbrush stuck in her throat. He says it is unlikely that any living albatross chick is free of plastic.

The name "albatross" is based on a pun. It comes from alcatraz, which is a Spanish word for a water container. Alcatraz also became a word to describe a pelican, because a pelican's bill resembles such a container. In previous centuries, people who coined bird names were not as precise as modern ornithologists in differentiating among similar-looking species. A big white pelican looked pretty much like a big white albatross or any other big white seabird. Some punster changed the "alca" part to "alba," which means "white." So when Burt Lancaster starred as a bird-loving convict in the 1962 film The Birdman of Alcatraz, he portrayed a murderer who was imprisoned on an island named after pelicans who gave their name to the albatross.

ANHINGA

Waterbirds Who Are Not Waterproof

If you visit swampy areas in the southeastern United States, you might see large birds who look as if they are being crucified. They perch with outstretched wings, waiting for their feathers to dry. They are called Anhingas, and they have long dark bodies, long snaking necks, and dagger-like bills, which they use to spear fish. They also will eat snakes and baby alligators. Anhingas swim low in the water, sometimes with only their neck showing above the surface. This behavior, rather than their taste for snakes, has led to the nickname "snake bird." The Anhinga's tail is long and wide like a turkey's, which has led to another nickname—the "water turkey." Anhingas dive for fish, but their feathers are not waterproof. Waterproof feathers would make them more buoyant, inhibiting their ability to swim underwater. Water-soaked feathers serve a similar purpose to a scuba diver's weight belt. When the birds leave the water, they must stand or perch somewhere in a cruciform pose to allow their wings to dry.

A soaring Anhinga resembles a giant plus sign suspended in the air. Its long tail sticks out behind its wings, and its long neck sticks out in front. An adult Anhinga has a lot of white feathering on its back and wings. The white feathers on the black body create an illusion that the bird has been snowed upon. The comparison to snow might be wishful thinking when observing Anhingas in a hot, humid Florida swamp.

There are four anhinga species in the world. The species in the Americas is called simply the Anhinga. In the United States, it is found most commonly in the states around the Gulf of Mexico. Its scientific name is Anhinga anhinga, making it the only bird in the world whose genus, species, and common names are all the same. In scientific names, the first name is the genus, or general grouping, and it is capitalized; the second identifies the species, or specific entity, and it is not capitalized. The other three species in the genus Anhinga are called darters because of the way they dart at fish with their long, pointed bill. The American species does this also.

Near the eastern entrance to Everglades National Park in Florida is the Anhinga Trail. It runs less than half a mile through a sawgrass marsh. In 2003, visitors to this trail witnessed a daylong battle between an alligator and an invasive snake species called the Burmese Python. The fight ended in a draw. In another section of the Everglades, I heard a ranger tell a story about a more successful alligator. The alligator was in the water a few feet below a perched Anhinga. The gator curled its tail so that the tip was wiggling just at the surface of the water. The Anhinga saw the movement and thinking it was a fish, dove after it. That was the Anhinga's final dive ever.

1. Living things are grouped into various categories. All birds are in the kingdom Animalia (they are animals), the phylum Chordata (they have a spine), and the class Aves (they are birds). The class is divided into various orders, the orders into families, the families into genera (the plural of genus), and the genera into species. There are also further divisions of species into races and subspecies. Biologists have developed many mnemonics to remember the Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species progression, such as "Kids Prefer Candy Over Fresh Green Spinach" and some not-so-clean ones about the exploits of King Phillip.

ANI

Communitarian Birds

An ani is a black cuckoo with a thick, curved bill and a long tail that it moves back and forth. Its name is not pronounced the same way as the Annie from the theater—the A is pronounced like the A in father. And unlike the tuneful red-haired moppet, anis have limited musical talent. There are three ani species, and all live in the American tropics and subtropics. Two species normally can be seen in the United States: the Smooth-billed Ani, mainly in southern Florida; and the Groove-billed Ani, mainly in southern Texas. The Greater Ani is substantially larger than the other two. People in the United States are more likely to know about the ani as an answer to the crossword puzzle clue "cuckoo" than from a personal encounter.

Many cuckoo species lay their eggs in the nests of other species and let the foster parents raise the young—but not the anis. They are communitarians, with groups of anis roosting together and building communal nests. Often, multiple females will lay eggs in the same nest. The males help with incubation. The ornithologist Alexander Skutch includes a chapter about anis in his pioneering 1987 book Helpers at Birds' Nests, which examines the phenomenon of birds giving assistance at the nest to others who are not their mate or their young—and in some instances, not even of the same species. Skutch describes anis as highly social and affectionate birds who live in great amity with group members. I have seen two Smooth-billed Anis perched so close to each other on a wire that their bodies and bills seemed to form a heart silhouette. However, Skutch notes that female anis sometimes eject eggs already in a nest.

Communal nesting by anis might have similar advantages to some types of communal living by humans. Imagine that you live in a multi-unit structure with three other households. You might establish a system in which each household does chores every fourth day, such as cooking, cleaning, and laundry. You would need only one set of appliances instead of four. The tradeoff of losing independence might be offset by having three other households do some of your work. The same principle applies to anis. Individual pairs lose some control over their individual eggs or offspring, but all the anis might benefit by allowing each parent bird to spend less time sitting on eggs and more time looking for food. Should a parent die while eggs or young are in the nest, its genes are more likely to be passed on, because the other anis will assume responsibility.

Because of its black plumage, the Smooth-billed Ani is sometimes called the "death-bird." How that plumage became black is the subject of a Mayan folktale, which Anne Lebastille related in a 1997 issue of International Wildlife magazine. A proud mother ani with pretty pink plumage was best friends with a female hawk, whom she told to avoid ani chicks when hunting. The hawk asked for a description of the youngsters, and the female ani described them as the most beautiful of any birds. Later, the hawk went hunting and saw a nest with a half-dozen scrawny and ugly chicks with gaping mouths, and proceeded to eat them. When the mother ani returned with food for her young, she found the nest empty.

She became furious and immediately went to find the hawk. The hawk told the ani that she had kept her word and had eaten only six little black runts who could not have been the beautiful ani chicks. The distraught ani realized how her exaggerations had resulted in the death of her children, so she put on her black mourning garb. This is why anis have all-black feathers and twitch their tails in grief. It is also why you should be careful not to brag too much about your children.

AVOCET

Birds and Sexual Attachment

Aldous Huxley's 1932 novel Brave New World describes a society in which human sexual activity is frequent and involves no emotional attachment. Seven years earlier, his brother Julian, a famous biologist, described similar circumstances within the society of shorebirds called avocets. He claimed that the Pied Avocet has no courtship and that the males do not engage in any special sexual displays, vocalizations, or ceremonies.

Just as some critics have questioned whether Aldous was correct about trends in human sexuality, critics have questioned Julian about avocet sexuality. The French website "Oiseaux-Birds" features photos of the elaborate courtship rituals and breeding behavior of the Pied Avocet. The breeding of avocets has been a subject of great interest in parts of Europe. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds chose the Pied Avocet as its symbol when avocets bred on society reserves after World War II—the first known successful avocet nesting in Britain in roughly a hundred years. The population of British avocets had crashed in the 1800s because of hunting, habitat loss, and hobbyists collecting avocet eggs from nests.

Avocets are in the same family as stilts, and both types of birds have long, spindly legs. Avocets have a delicate and elegant appearance. Unlike many shorebirds whose bills are straight or curve downward, an avocet's long bill curves upward. The technical term for such a bill is recurved, while downward-curving bills are decurved. A British nickname for the avocet is "cobbler's awl," because the bill looks like a tool used by shoemakers. In many avocet photographs, the bill appears to bend to one side rather than upward, but this is an optical illusion. The Wry-bill, a small New Zealand plover, is the only bird in the world whose bill hooks to one side.

There are four avocet species in the world. Red-necked Avocets are found in Australia, while the Andean Avocet is found in South America. The Pied Avocet has the widest range and is found in Europe, Africa, and Asia. The American Avocet is found in North and Central America and the Caribbean. In North America, it is more commonly seen in the West than the East. The American Avocet is a mostly black-and-white bird in nonbreeding plumage. In breeding season, its head and neck are a lovely russet. One often sees avocets in ponds or along the coast, sometimes in large flocks. The female's bill is shorter than the male's but has a stronger upward curve.

Stilts look like they are wearing micro-miniskirts, because their legs are extremely long in proportion to their body size. John James Audubon painted one bending over so that the bottom half of the painting would not show only its spindly legs. In flight, their legs stick out far behind their tail. Stilts have the appearance of being delicate both on the ground and in the air. Unlike avocets, they have a thin, straight bill. There are about a half-dozen species of stilts in the world, and one who lives in New Zealand is among the rarest shorebirds in the world. Most stilt species have black-and-white plumage, and their legs are red or pink. Only the Banded Stilt in Australia deviates from a monochrome feather scheme by having a chestnut band across the breast.

The suitability of a particular bill shape depends on the preferred food and habitat of the species. What works well for one species might not work for another. Avocets feed by swinging their bill back and forth in sand, mud, or shallow water, stirring up small crustaceans and insects with the curved portion and grabbing any edible morsel that pops up. To understand why this technique is effective, imagine that you have lost something at the beach an inch or so below the surface of the sand. You would have a better chance of finding it if you sifted through the sand with the curved top of a coat hanger than if you repeatedly jabbed a straight piece of wire into the sand. But if you were looking for something visible at or near the surface of the sand, it might be more efficient to impale it with a straight piece of wire. Stilts and most other shorebirds have straight bills and use the equivalent of the straight piece of wire, while avocets use the equivalent of the coat hanger.

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Excerpted from The Fascination of BIRDS From the Albatross to the Yellowthroat by William Young. Copyright © 2014 William Young. Excerpted by permission of Dover Publications, Inc..
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