| Foreword | ix |
| Acknowledgments | xiii |
| Introduction | xv |
| 1. | Three Strikes and It's Women Who Are Out: The Hidden Consequences for Women of Criminal Justice Policy Reforms | 1 |
| Looking for Women | 3 |
| Strike 1 | Off the Rolls | 6 |
| Strike 2 | Jobs for Whom? | 8 |
| Strike 3 | Family Values? | 10 |
| Final Thoughts: An Every Woman's Issue | 11 |
| 2. | Civil Forfeiture of Property: The Victimization of Women as Innocent Owners and Third Parties | 15 |
| Case Selection | 18 |
| Background | 18 |
| The Innocent-Owner Gauntlet | 20 |
| Discussion and Conclusion | 26 |
| 3. | A Critical Look at the Idea of Boot Camp as a Correctional Reform | 32 |
| Introduction: The Boot Camp Idea | 32 |
| What Has Been Tried and What Works in Corrections? | 35 |
| Military Boot Camps | 39 |
| Stereotypes of Masculinity and Correctional Measures | 43 |
| Alternative Models in Corrections | 46 |
| 4. | Warnings to Women: Police Advice and Women's Safety in Britain | 52 |
| Some Contextual Backgrounds | 53 |
| A Methodological and Theoretical Approach for Analyzing Safety Advice | 56 |
| Advising Caution: A Look at the Safety Advice | 57 |
| Popularizing Danger: Media and Police Advice | 63 |
| Concluding Remarks | 67 |
| 5. | Gender, Class, and Race in Three High-Profile Crimes: The Cases of New Bedford, Central Park, and Bensonhurst | 72 |
| New Bedford, Massachusetts: A Case of Gender Versus Ethnicity | 75 |
| The Central Park Jogger: Introducing Class and Race Differences | 78 |
| Bensonhurst: Similarities and Differences in a Homicide Case | 86 |
| Conclusion | 90 |
| 6. | The Tangled Web of Feminism and Community Policing | 95 |
| Community Policing of the 1990s | 97 |
| "Different-Voice" Perspectives and Justice Issues | 98 |
| Policing as a Male Institution and Site of Gendered Action | 101 |
| Barriers to Women as Police Officers: Moving Beyond Women, Children, and Typewriters | 102 |
| Examining the Conflict Between Traditional Beliefs and Alternative Beliefs | 106 |
| Conclusion | 108 |
| 7. | The War on Drugs as a War Against Black Women | 113 |
| Conceptual Framework | 114 |
| A Closer Analysis of the Female Prisoner | 117 |
| Gender, Race, and Criminal Justice System Practices | 119 |
| The Need to Investigate the Effects of the Drug War on the Incarceration of Black Females | 121 |
| 8. | Parenting Through Prison Walls: Incarcerated Mothers and Children's Visitation Programs | 130 |
| Growth in the U.S. Female Prisoner Population | 131 |
| The Impact of Mothers' Incarceration on Children | 132 |
| The Impact of Incarceration on Mothers | 134 |
| Parenting Classes and Mother-Children Visitation Programs | 136 |
| Methodology | 137 |
| Findings | 139 |
| Conclusions | 147 |
| 9. | Masculinities, Violence, and Communitarian Control | 151 |
| Multiple Masculinities and Normal Violence | 152 |
| Failures of Justice System Intervention | 153 |
| Republican Criminology | 154 |
| The Community Conference Strategy | 155 |
| Community Conferences in the Regulatory Pyramid | 158 |
| Community Conferences and the Pyramid as a Response | 163 |
| Questions About the Conference-Pyramid Enforcement Model | 168 |
| Conclusions | 172 |
| 10. | Connecting the Dots: Women, Public Policy, and Social Control | 181 |
| Controlling Women | 182 |
| Feminism and Public Policy | 186 |
| The Big Picture | 189 |
| Index | 190 |
| About the Authors | 198 |
