Table of Contents

Introduction Jeffrey H. Norwitz, Editor 1

Part 1 History and Armed Groups

Pirates, Vikings, and Teutonic Knights Peter T. Underwood 17

The Italian Red Brigades (1969-1984): Political Revolution and Threats to the State Paul J. Smith 28

Armed Conflict in Cambodia and the UN Response Carole Garrison 42

Armed Groups and Diplomacy: East Timor's Fretilin Guerrillas Gene Christy 47

Adapting to a Changing Environment-The Irish Republican Army as an Armed Group Timothy D. Hoyt 59

Pseudo Operations-A Double-Edged Sword of Counterinsurgency Theodore L. Gatchel 72

Part 2 Present Context and Environment

The Threat to the Maritime Domain: How Real Is the Terrorist Threat? Rohan Gunaratna 87

Armed Groups and the Law Craig H. Allen 98

Globalization and the Transformation of Armed Groups Querine H. Hanlon 124

Is It Possible to Deter Armed Groups? Yosef Kuperwasser 135

Sanctuary: The Geopolitics of Terrorism and Insurgency Mackubin Thomas Owens 142

Small Wars Are Local: Questioning Assumptions about Armed Groups Peter Curry 156

Piracy and the Exploitation of Sanctuary Martin N. Murphy 166

Domestic Terrorism: Forgotten, But Not Gone Edward J. Valla Gregory Comcowich 177

The Threat of Armed Street Gangs in America Edward J. Maggio 193

Prosecuting Homegrown Extremists: Case Study of the Virginia "Paintball Jihad" Cell Steven Emerson 205

Part 3 Religion as Inspiration

Armed with the Power of Religion: Not Just a War of Ideas Pauletta Otis 219

Arming for Armageddon: Myths and Motivations of Violence In American Christian Apocalypticism Timothy J. Demy 229

Glory in Defeat and Other Islamist Ideologies Mehrdad Mozayyan 240

Part 4Thinking Differently about Armed Groups

The Erosion of Constraints in Armed-Group Warfare: Bloody Tactics and Vulnerable Targets Andrea J. Dew 259

Knowledge Transfer and Shared Learning among Armed Groups James J.F. Forest 273

The "Memory of War": Tribes and the Legitimate Use of Force in Iraq Montgomery McFate 292

Terrorist or Freedom Fighter? Tyrant or Guardian? Derek S. Reveron Jeffrey Stevenson Murer 311

Disrupting and Influencing Leaders of Armed Groups Elena Mastors Jeffrey H. Norwitz 323

Armed Groups through the Lens of Anthropology David W. Kriebel 341

Part 5 The Shape of Things to Come

Children on the Battlefield: The Breakdown of Moral Norms P.W. Singer 355

The "New Silk Road" of Terrorism and Organized Crime: The Key to Countering the Terror-Crime Nexus Russell D. Howard Colleen M. Traughber 368

Shari'a Financing and the Coming Ummah Rachel Ehrenfeld Alyssa A. Lappen 385

Terrorism as an International Security Problem Martha Crenshaw 401

Takin' It to the Streets: Hydra Networks, Chaos Strategies, and the "New" Asymmetry P.H. Liotta 414

Virtual Sanctuary Enables Global Insurgency Richard Shultz 425

Armed Groups: Changing the Rules T.X. Hammes 441

Appendix

United Nations Guidelines on Humanitarian Negotiations with Armed Groups Gerard Mc Hugh Manuel Bessler 451