Table of Contents

Chapter 16

Reconstructing a Nation 1863–1877

Why did Congress object to Lincoln’s wartime plan for reconstruction?

"To Bind Up the Nation’s Wounds"

Land and Labor

The African American Quest for Autonomy

How did the North respond to the passage of black codes in the southern states?

Johnson’s Program of Reconciliation

White Southern Resistance and Black Codes

Expansion of Federal Authority and Black Rights

How radical was congressional reconstruction?

The Fourteenth Amendment and Escalating Violence

Radical Reconstruction and Military Rule

Impeaching a President

The Fifteenth Amendment and Women’s Demands

What brought the elements of the South’s Republican coalition together?

Freedmen, Yankees, and Yeomen

Republican Rule

White Landlords, Black Sharecroppers

Why did reconstruction collapse?

Grant’s Troubled Presidency

Northern Resolve Withers

White Supremacy Triumphs

An Election and a Compromise

Conclusion: Was reconstruction "a revolution but half accomplished"?

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Chapter 16 Study Guide

Chapter 17

Contesting the West, 1865–1900

What did U.S. expansion mean for Native Americans?

Indian Removal and the Reservation System

The Decimation of the Great Bison Herds

Indian Wars and the Collapse of Comanchería

The Fight for the Black Hills

In what ways did different Indian groups defy and resist colonial rule?

Indian Schools and the War on Indian Culture

The Dawes Act and Indian Land Allotment

Indian Resistance and Survival

How did mining shape American expansion?

Mining on the Comstock Lode

The Diverse Peoples of the West

How did the fight for land and resources in the West unfold?

Life on the Comstock Lode

The Diverse Peoples of the West

Moving West: Homesteaders and Speculators

Ranchers and Cowboys

Tenants, Sharecroppers, and Migrants

Commercial Farming and Industrial Cowboys

Conclusion: How did the West set the tone for the Gilded Age?

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Chapter 17 Study Guide

Chapter 18

Defining the Gilded Age in Business and Politics, 1865–1900

How did the railroads stimulate big business?

Railroads: America’s First Big Business

Andrew Carnegie, Steel, and Vertical Integration

John D. Rockefeller, Standard Oil, and the Trust

New Inventions: The Telephone and the Telegraph

Why did the ideas of social Darwinism appeal to many Americans in the late nineteenth century?

J. P. Morgan and Finance Capitalism

Social Darwinism, Laissez-Faire, and the Supreme Court

What factors influenced political life in the late nineteenth century?

Political Participation and Party Loyalty

Sectionalism and the New South

Gender, Race, and Politics

Women’s Activism

What issues shaped party politics in the late nineteenth century?

Corruption and Party Strife

Garfield’s Assassination and Civil Service Reform

Reform and Scandal: The Campaign of 1884

What role did economic issues play in party realignment?

The Tariff and the Politics of Protection

Railroads, Trusts, and the Federal Government

The Fight for Free Silver

Panic and Depression

Conclusion: Why did business dominate the Gilded Age?

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Chapter 18 Study Guide s

Chapter 19

The Growth of America’s Cities, 1870–1900

Why did American cities experience explosive growth in the late nineteenth century?

The Urban Explosion: A Global Migration

Racism and the Cry for Immigration Restriction

The Social Geography of the City

What kinds of work did people do in industrial America?

America’s Diverse Workers

The Family Economy: Women and Children

White-Collar Workers: Managers, "Typewriters," and Salesclerks

Why did the fortunes of the Knights of Labor rise in the late 1870s and decline in the 1890s?

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

The Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor

Haymarket and the Specter of Labor Radicalism

How did urban industrialism shape the world of home life and leisure?

Domesticity and "Domestics"

Cheap Amusements

How did municipal governments respond to the challenges of urban expansion?

Building Cities of Stone and Steel

City Government and the "Bosses"

White City or City of Sin?

Conclusion: Who built the cities?

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Chapter 19 Study Guide

Chapter 20

Dissent, Depression, and War, 1890–1900

Why did American farmers organize alliances in the late nineteenth century?

The Farmers’ Alliance

The Populist Movement

What led to the labor wars of the 1890s?

The Homestead Lockout

The Cripple Creek Miners’ Strike of 1894

Eugene V. Debs and the Pullman Strike

How were women involved in late-nineteenth-century politics?

Frances Willard and the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and the Movement for Woman Suffrage

How did economic problems affect American politics in the 1890s?

Coxey’s Army

The People’s Party and the Election of 1896

Why did the United States largely abandon its isolationist foreign policy in the 1890s?

Markets and Missionaries

The Monroe Doctrine and the Open Door Policy

"A Splendid Little War"

The Debate over American Imperialism

Conclusion: What was the connection between domestic strife and foreign policy?

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Chapter 20 Study Guide

Chapter 21

Progressivism from the Grass Roots Up, 1890–1916

How did grassroots progressives attack the problems of industrial America?

Civilizing the City

Progressives and the Working Class

What were the key tenets of progressive theory?

Reform Darwinism and Social Engineering

Progressive Government: City and State

How did Theodore Roosevelt advance the progressive agenda?

The Square Deal

Roosevelt the Reformer

Roosevelt and Conservation

The Big Stick

The Troubled Presidency of William Howard Taft

How did progressivism evolve during Woodrow Wilson’s first term?

Progressive Insurgency and the Election of 1912

Wilson’s Reforms: Tariff, Banking, and the Trusts

Wilson, Reluctant Progressive

What were the limits of progressive reform?

Radical Alternatives

Progressivism for White Men Only

Conclusion: How did the liberal state transform during the Progressive Era?

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Chapter 22

The United States and World War I, 1914–1920

What was Woodrow Wilson’s foreign policy agenda?

Taming the Americas

The European Crisis

The Ordeal of American Neutrality

The United States Enters the War

What role did the United States play in World War I?

The Call to Arms

The War in France

What impact did the war have on the home front?

The Progressive Stake in the War

Women, War, and the Battle for Suffrage

Rally around the Flag—or Else

What part did Woodrow Wilson play at the Paris peace conference?

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

The Paris Peace Conference

The Fight for the Treaty

Why was America’s transition from war to peace so turbulent?

Economic Hardship and Labor Upheaval

The Red Scare

The Great Migrations of African Americans and Mexicans

Postwar Politics and the Election of 1920

Conclusion: What was the domestic cost of foreign victory?

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Chapter 22 Study Guide

Chapter 23

From New Era to Great Depression, 1920–1932

How did big business shape the "New Era" of the 1920s?

A Business Government

Promoting Prosperity and Peace Abroad

Automobiles, Mass Production, and Assembly-Line Progress

Consumer Culture

In what ways did the Roaring Twenties challenge traditional values?

Prohibition

The New Woman

The New Negro

Entertainment for the Masses

The Lost Generation

Why did the relationship between urban and rural America deteriorate in the 1920s?

Rejecting the Undesirables

The Rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan

The Scopes Trial

Al Smith and the Election of 1928

How did President Hoover respond to the economic crash of 1929?

Herbert Hoover: The Great Engineer

The Distorted Economy

The Crash of 1929

Hoover and the Limits of Individualism

What was life like in the early years of the depression?

The Human Toll

Denial and Escape

Working-Class Militancy

Conclusion: Why did the hope of the 1920s turn to despair?

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Chapter 24

Forging the New Deal, 1932–1939

How did Franklin D. Roosevelt win the 1932 election?

The Making of a Politician

The Election of 1932

What were the goals and achievements of the first New Deal?

The New Dealers

Banking and Finance Reform

Relief and Conservation Programs

Agricultural Initiatives

Industrial Recovery

Who opposed the New Deal and why?

Resistance to Business Reform

Casualties in the Countryside

Politics on the Fringes

How did the second phase of the New Deal differ from the first?

Relief for the Unemployed

Empowering Labor

Social Security and Tax Reform

Neglected Americans and the New Deal

What major political trends changed during the late 1930s?

The Election of 1936

Court Packing

Reaction and Recession

The Last of the New Deal Reforms

Conclusion: What were the achievements and limitations of the New Deal?

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Chapter 25

The United States and the Second World War, 1939–1945

How did the United States respond to international developments in the 1930s?

Roosevelt and Reluctant Isolation

The Good Neighbor Policy

The Price of Noninvolvement

How did the outbreak of war affect America’s relations with other nations?

Nazi Aggression and War in Europe

From Neutrality to the Arsenal of Democracy

Japan Attacks America

How did the United States mobilize for war?

Home-Front Security

Building a Citizen Army

Conversion to a War Economy

How did the Allies turn the tide in Europe and the Pacific?

Turning the Tide in the Pacific

The Campaign in Europe

How did the war change life on the American home front?

Women and Families, Guns and Butter

The Double V Campaign

Wartime Politics and the 1944 Election

Reaction to the Holocaust

How did the Allies finally win the war?

From Bombing Raids to Berlin

The Defeat of Japan

Atomic Warfare

Conclusion: Why did America emerge as a superpower at the end of the war?

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Chapter 25 Study Guide

Chapter 26

Cold War Politics in the Truman Years, 1945–1953

What factors contributed to the Cold War?

The Cold War Begins

The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan

Building a National Security State

Superpower Rivalry around the Globe

Why did Truman have limited success in implementing his domestic agenda?

Reconverting to a Peacetime Economy

Blacks and Mexican Americans Push for Their Civil Rights

The Fair Deal Flounders

The Domestic Chill: McCarthyism

How did U.S. Cold War policy lead to the Korean War?

Korea and the Military Implementation of Containment

From Containment to Rollback to Containment

Korea, Communism, and the 1952 Election

An Armistice and the War’s Costs

Conclusion: What were the costs and consequences of the Cold War?

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Chapter 26 Study Guide

Chapter 27

The Politics and Culture of Abundance, 1952–1960

What was Eisenhower’s "middle way" on domestic issues?

Modern Republicanism

Termination and Relocation of Native Americans

The 1956 Election and the Second Term

How did Eisenhower’s foreign policy differ from Truman’s?

The "New Look" in Foreign Policy

Applying Containment to Vietnam

Interventions in Latin America and the Middle East

The Nuclear Arms Race

What fueled the prosperity of the 1950s?

Technology Transforms Agriculture and Industry

Burgeoning Suburbs and Declining Cities

The Rise of the Sun Belt

The Democratization of Higher Education

How did prosperity affect American society and culture?

Consumption Rules the Day

The Revival of Domesticity and Religion

Television Transforms Culture and Politics

Countercurrents

How did African Americans fight for civil rights in the 1950s?

African Americans Challenge the Supreme Court and the President

Montgomery and Mass Protest

Conclusion: What unmet challenges did peace and prosperity mask?

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Chapter 27 Study Guide

Chapter 28

Reform, Rebellion, and Reaction, 1960–1974

What liberal reforms were advanced during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations?

The Unrealized Promise of Kennedy’s New Frontier

Johnson Fulfills the Kennedy Promise

Policymaking for a Great Society

Assessing the Great Society

The Judicial Revolution

How did the civil rights movement evolve in the 1960s?

The Flowering of the Black Freedom Struggle

The Response in Washington

Black Power and Urban Rebellions

What other rights movements emerged in the 1960s?

Native American Protest

Latino Struggles for Justice

Student Rebellion, the New Left, and the Counterculture

Gay Men and Lesbians Organize

What were the goals of the new wave of feminism?

A Multifaceted Movement Emerges

Feminist Gains Spark a Countermovement

How did liberalism fare under President Nixon?

Extending the Welfare State and Regulating the Economy

Responding to Environmental Concerns

Expanding Social Justice

Conclusion: What were the achievements and limitations of liberalism?

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Chapter 28 Study Guide

Chapter 29

Vietnam and the End of the Cold War Consensus, 1961–1975

How did U.S. foreign policy change under Kennedy?

Meeting the "Hour of Maximum Danger"

New Approaches to the Third World

The Arms Race and the Nuclear Brink

A Growing War in Vietnam

Why did Johnson escalate American involvement in Vietnam?

An All-Out Commitment in Vietnam

Preventing Another Castro in Latin America

The Americanized War

Those Who Served

How did the war in Vietnam polarize the nation?

The Widening War at Home

The Tet Offensive and Johnson’s Move toward Peace

The Tumultuous Election of 1968

How did U.S. foreign policy change under Nixon?

Moving toward Détente with the Soviet Union and China

Shoring Up U.S. Interests around the World

Vietnam Becomes Nixon’s War

The Peace Accords

The Legacy of Defeat

Conclusion: Was Vietnam an unwinnable War?

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Chapter 29 Study Guide

Chapter 30

The Conservative Turn, 1969–1989

How did the Nixon presidency reflect the rise of postwar conservatism?

Emergence of a Grassroots Movement

Nixon Courts the Right

The Election of 1972

Watergate

The Ford Presidency and the 1976 Election

Why did the "outsider" presidency of Jimmy Carter fail to gain broad support?

Retreat from Liberalism

Energy and Environmental Reform

Promoting Human Rights Abroad

The Cold War Intensifies

What conservative goals were realized in the Reagan administration?

Appealing to the New Right and Beyond

Unleashing Free Enterprise

Winners and Losers in a Flourishing Economy

What strategies did liberals use to fight the conservative turn?

Battles in the Courts and Congress

Feminism on the Defensive

The Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement

How did Ronald Reagan’s foreign policy affect the Cold War?

Militarization and Interventions Abroad

The Iran-Contra Scandal

A Thaw in Soviet-American Relations

Conclusion: What was the long-term impact of the conservative turn?

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Chapter 30 Study Guide

Chapter 31

Facing the Promises and Challenges of Globalization, Since 1989

How did the United States respond to the end of the Cold War and tensions in the Middle East?

Gridlock in Government

Going to War in Central America and the Persian Gulf

The Cold War Ends

The 1992 Election

How did President Clinton seek a middle ground in American politics?

Clinton’s Reforms

Accommodating the Right

Impeaching the President

The Booming Economy of the 1990s

How did President Clinton respond to the challenges of globalization?

Defining America’s Place in a New World Order

Debates over Globalization

The Internationalization of the United States

How did President George W. Bush change American politics and foreign policy?

The Disputed Election of 2000

The Domestic Policies of a "Compassionate Conservative"

The Globalization of Terrorism

Unilateralism, Preemption, and the Iraq War

What obstacles stood in the way of President Obama’s reform agenda?

Conclusion: How have Americans debated the role of the government?

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Chapter 31 Study Guide

APPENDICES

I. Documents

The Declaration of Independence A-1

The Articles of Confederation A-0

The Constitution of the United States A-0

Amendments to the Constitution with Annotations (including the six unratified amendments) A-00

The Constitution of the Confederate States of America A-0

II. Facts and Figures: Government, Economy, and Demographics

Presidential Elections A-00

Presidents, Vice Presidents, and Secretaries of State A-00

Admission of States to the Union A-00

Supreme Court Justices A-00