1. | Introduction | |
1. | Two Themes | 1 |
@a. | The 'Minor' Theme | 1 |
@b. | The 'Major' Theme | 3 |
2. | Two Countries | 9 |
2. | Dicey: Unitary, Self-Correcting Democracy and Public Law | |
1. | Introduction | 12 |
2. | Sovereignty: Legislative Omnicompetence and Constitutional Law | 13 |
3. | Sovereignty: Legislative Monopoly and Administrative Law | 19 |
4. | The Traditional Vision of Constitutional Law: Appearance and Reality | 30 |
@a. | Support for the Diceyan View | 30 |
@b. | The Internal Coherence of Dicey's Argument | 33 |
@c. | The Reality of Constitutional Power | 39 |
5. | The Traditional Vision of Administrative Law: Strains and Tensions | 47 |
6. | Conclusion | 52 |
3. | Pluralist Democracy, Groups, and Process: USA (I) | |
1. | Introduction | 56 |
2. | Pluralist Thought in the United States | 57 |
@a. | Madison: Pluralist or not? | 57 |
@b. | Modern Pluralism | 58 |
@c. | Elitism, Behaviouralism, and Elite Pluralism | 67 |
@d. | The Critique of Pluralism and Elite Pluralism | 75 |
4. | Pluralist Democracy, Groups, and Process: USA (II) | |
1. | Model One: The Public-Choice Model | 80 |
@a. | A Summary | 80 |
@b. | Constitutional Implications of the First Model | 81 |
@c. | The Public-Choice Model: A Critique | 83 |
2. | Model Two and Model Three: A Summary | 90 |
3. | Ely and Constitutional Law | 91 |
@a. | The Theory | 91 |
@b. | The Substance within Process | 97 |
4. | The Second Model and the Focus of Constitutional Review | 99 |
5. | The Viability of the Third Model | 106 |
6. | Pluralism and Process: The Dilemma | 113 |
7. | Administrative Law | 116 |
@a. | Pluralism, Delegation, and Interest Representation | 116 |
@b. | Pluralism and Administrative Law: Criticism and Uncertainty | 124 |
@c. | Pluralism and Administrative Law: Some Reflections | 134 |
5. | Pluralism, Process, and Substance: UK (I) | |
1. | Introduction | 137 |
2. | Early Pluralist Thought | 140 |
3. | The Corporatist Challenge | 148 |
4. | The Free Market, the Strong State, and Modern Pluralism | 153 |
5. | Conclusion | 158 |
6. | Pluralism, Process, and Substance: UK (II) | |
1. | Introduction | 159 |
2. | Pluralism and Process | 160 |
@a. | Participation and the Common Law | 160 |
@b. | Participation: Two Arguments for the Status Quo | 162 |
@c. | Participation, Constitutional Structure, and Pluralism | 166 |
@d. | Participation: Voting, Rule-Making, and Adjudication | 173 |
@e. | The Two Visions of Pluralism and the Limits of Participation | 179 |
@f. | Process, Substance, and Hard Look | 182 |
@g. | Reinforcing the Legislative Process? | 187 |
3. | Pluralism, Rights, and Public Law | 192 |
@a. | The Nature and Application of Rights | 193 |
@b. | The Content of Rights | 196 |
7. | Constitutional Reform and Democracy: UK | |
1. | Introduction | 208 |
2. | The Rationale for Constitutional Change | 208 |
3. | The Nature of Constitutional Reform: Rights, Legitimacy, and Accountability | 211 |
@a. | The Content of Constitutional Rights | 213 |
@b. | Legitimacy, Accountability, and Constitutional Reform | 218 |
4. | Constitutional Reform: The Impact of the EC | 223 |
@a. | The EC and Legal Sovereignty | 224 |
@b. | The EC, Political Sovereignty, and Democracy | 227 |
@c. | The EC: Conclusion | 233 |
5. | Constitutional Reform: The Impact of Nationalism | 234 |
@a. | The Movement for Reform | 234 |
@i. | The nationalist arguments | 235 |
@ii. | The economic and administrative arguments | 237 |
@b. | Constitutional Consequences of Reform | 240 |
6. | Conclusion | 243 |
8. | Liberalism: The Right, The Good, and the Scope of Public Law (I) | |
1. | Introduction | 245 |
2. | Rawls's Theory of Justice | 247 |
@a. | The Priority of the Right over the Good | 247 |
@b. | The Determination of the Right: Method | 249 |
@c. | The Determination of the Right: Content | 250 |
@d. | The Relationship between the Right and the Good | 255 |
3. | Public Law within Ideal Theory | 259 |
@a. | Equal Liberties | 259 |
@i. | Conflicts between liberties | 259 |
@ii. | Political liberties and fair value | 261 |
@iii. | The limits of legislation | 263 |
@iv. | The role of judicial review | 265 |
@b. | Fair Equality of Opportunity and the Difference Principle | 269 |
@i. | The conceptual basis of the second principle | 270 |
@ii. | The institutional basis of the second principle | 271 |
@iii. | The legal implications of the second principle | 272 |
@iv. | The role of judicial review | 273 |
4. | Public Law within Non-Ideal Theory | 276 |
@a. | The Degree of Economic Development | 276 |
@b. | Departures from Justice | 277 |
@c. | The Role of the Courts | 279 |
@i. | Civil disobedience and the law | 279 |
@ii. | Constitutional review and non-ideal theory | 279 |
9. | Liberalism: The Right, The Good, and The Scope of Public Law (II) | |
1. | Introduction | 284 |
2. | The Radical Critique: Indeterminacy and Inconsistency | 284 |
3. | The Limits of Legislative Action: Liberalism's Conception of the Person | 290 |
@a. | The Concept of the Person and the Second Principle of Justice | 290 |
@b. | The Concept of the Person and the First Principle of Justice | 293 |
@c. | Problems and Tensions | 296 |
4. | The Limits of Legislative Action: Liberalism and Neutrality | 301 |
@a. | 'Rival Justices, Competing Rationalities' | 302 |
@b. | Two Conceptions of Neutrality: 1. Foundational Neutrality | 304 |
@i. | The nature of the problem | 304 |
@ii. | An individualistic bias? | 306 |
@iii. | Neutrality, primary goods, and the concept of the person | 309 |
@c. | Two conceptions of Neutrality: 2. Internal Neutrality | 312 |
@i. | The uncontested ground | 312 |
@ii. | The contested ground | 314 |
5. | Conclusion | 316 |
10. | Republicanism, Civic Virtue, and Participatory Democracy | |
1. | Introduction | 317 |
2. | Republicanism: Historical Foundations | 318 |
@a. | Self-Government, Political Association, and Civic Virtue | 318 |
@b. | Republicanism: Virtue under Stress | 323 |
3. | Republicanism and the US Constitution | 328 |
@a. | Independence | 328 |
@b. | The Constitution | 331 |
4. | Republicanism and Modern US Public Law | 334 |
5. | The Republican Revival: Normative Assessment | 340 |
@a. | Deliberation and the Public Good: The Dilemma of the Legislator | 340 |
@b. | Republican Rights and Distributive Justice: The Position of the Legislator | 343 |
@c. | Republican Rights and Distributive Justice: The Role of the Courts | 346 |
@i. | The rationale for a republican interpretation | 346 |
@ii. | The content of constitutional rights (1) | 349 |
@iii. | The content of constitutional rights (2) | 351 |
6. | The Republican Revival: Institutional Realization | 357 |
@a. | Continuity and Change in Republican Thought | 358 |
@b. | Institutional Realization: Dilemmas and Future Prospects | 363 |
11. | Participatory Democracy: The Radical View | |
1. | Introduction | 366 |
2. | Two Visions of Participatory Democracy | 367 |
@a. | 'Strong Democracy' | 367 |
@b. | 'Empowered Democracy' | 370 |
@i. | The explanatory theory | 370 |
@ii. | Social reconstruction and empowered democracy | 372 |
3. | Normative Foundations | 379 |
@a. | Strong Democracy: Base without Base? | 379 |
@b. | Empowered Democracy: Structure Without Structure? | 382 |
@i. | The limits of transformation | 382 |
@ii. | Superliberalism | 385 |
@iii. | Institutional realization | 389 |
4. | Public Law Within Participatory Democracy | 391 |
@a. | The Radical Critique of Constitutional Law Theory | 392 |
@b. | The Critique of Traditional Administrative Law Theory | 393 |
@c. | An Assessment of the Radical Critique | 396 |
@d. | Strong Democracy and Public Law | 398 |
@i. | Constitutional law | 398 |
@ii. | Administrative law | 400 |
@e. | Empowered Democracy and Public Law | 407 |
@i. | Constitutional law and immunity rights | 407 |
@ii. | Constitutional law, administrative law, and destabilization rights | 411 |
@iii. | Administrative law and the economic regime | 414 |
5. | Conclusion | 414 |
| Bibliography | 417 |
| Index | 437 |