AIDS: The Biological Basis

by Benjamin S. Weeks

Overview

The fourth edition of this award-winning text, revised by Benjamin Weeks of Adelphi University, builds upon the foundation established by the late I. Edward Alcamo. Dr Alcamo's accessible writing style is maintained with completely updated content and extended commentary on current developments. The text provides the necessary background information for students to understand the biology of HIV and AIDS while also providing information on critical epidemiological patterns and research developments.

Key Features: Current epidemiological data for worldwide and regional trends. Current statistics on AIDS reporting and educational programs. Science background material expanded and improved to include a more detailed discussion of the immune system and how the cells of the immune system work together. Extended coverage of tissue-specific pathologies in AIDS patients with more examples of AIDS-associated diseases and research-based explanations for the development of these diseases. New discussion and commentary on current events and developments including: The 2005 supervirus, China's 2005 AIDS vaccine campaign, The new HIV test that does not require blood collection. Enhanced art program.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780763737146
Publisher:	Jones & Barlett Learning
Publication date:	07/28/2006
Edition description:	REV
Pages:	341
Product dimensions:	7.40(w) x 9.00(h) x 0.70(d)

Table of Contents

Preface     ix
The AIDS Epidemic     2
Looking Ahead     2
Introduction     2
The Early Years     3
The First Observations     3
The Breakthrough     7
Another AIDS Virus     10
A Pandemic     12
Origin of the AIDS Epidemic     13
The Origin of HIV     14
The Jump to Humans     16
Out of Africa     18
Entry into the United States     19
The First Decades and Beyond     21
Twenty-Four Years of AIDS     21
AIDS in the Twenty-First Century     23
Looking Back     26
Viruses and HIV     30
Looking Ahead     30
Introduction     30
Structure of Viruses and HIV     31
Replication of Viruses and HIV     36
Adsorption     36
Penetration and Infection     41
Lysogeny of HIV     42
HIV Activation and Release     44
Cell Destruction     45
The HIV Genome     47
Nine Genes     47
Three Groups of HIV     49
Inhibiting Viruses     50
Looking Back     52
The Immune System and HIV     58
Looking Ahead     58
Introduction     58
Overview of the Immune System     60
Antigens     64
The Immune Process     64
Cell-Mediated Immunity     66
Antibody-Mediated Immunity     68
HIV and the Immune System     72
The Focus of HIV     72
The Effects of HIV     77
Looking Back     79
Defining and Recognizing AIDS     84
Looking Ahead     84
Introduction     84
The Case Definition     85
HIV Infection     86
AIDS-Related Complex     91
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome     93
The CDC Stages of Disease     95
The Walter Reed Classification System     95
Tissue Specific HIV-Associated Diseases     97
Opportunistic Diseases     102
Pediatric AIDS     108
Looking Back     111
The Epidemiology of AIDS     114
Looking Ahead     114
Introduction     114
AIDS and the Epidemiologist     115
The Spreading Epidemic     117
The Fragility of HIV     120
AIDS in Homosexual Men     121
AIDS in Injection Drug Users     124
AIDS in Heterosexuals     125
AIDS in Women     129
AIDS in Newborns     131
AIDS in Africa     135
AIDS in the World     138
Other Transmission Methods     141
How AIDS Is Not Transmitted     142
Improbable Transmissions     142
The Mosquito Connection     143
AIDS in Schools and Colleges     144
Looking Back     147
Preventing HIV Transmission     152
Looking Ahead     152
Introduction     152
Personal Protection     153
Safer Sex Practices     155
For Injection Drug Users     159
Protecting Health Care Workers     162
Universal Precautions     163
Invasive Procedures     164
Dentistry     165
Autopsy and Embalming     166
Medical Laboratories     167
Decontamination Procedures     168
Exposures to HIV     170
Protecting Public Safety Workers     172
Fire and Emergency Medical Services     173
Law Enforcement Officers     175
AIDS Education in the Schools     177
Looking Back     180
HIV Testing and Diagnosis     184
Looking Ahead     184
Introduction     184
HIV Antibody Tests     185
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)     186
Western Blot Analysis     187
False Positives and Negatives     190
Other Antibody Tests     192
Home and Simplified Tests     193
HIV Antigen (Viral Load) Tests     195
Gene Probes     196
The Polymerase Chain Reaction     197
Advantages of the Viral Load Test     198
Protein and T-Lymphocyte Tests     201
Implications of HIV Testing     202
Mandatory Testing     203
Voluntary Testing     205
Looking Back     207
Treating HIV Infection and AIDS     212
Looking Ahead     212
Introduction     213
General Principles of AIDS Treatment     214
Objectives of Therapeutic Drugs     214
Approaches to Drug Therapy     216
Mutations and Other Considerations      218
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors     220
Azidothymidine (AZT)     221
Other Dideoxynucleosides     227
Nonnucleoside Analogs     229
Other Therapeutic Agents     229
Protease Inhibitors     230
Fusion Inhibitors     234
Entry Inhibitors     236
Interleukin-2     238
Antisense Molecules     238
Miscellaneous Therapeutic Agents     240
Postexposure Prophylaxis     243
Treating Opportunistic Diseases     244
Pentamidine Isethionate     244
Other Drugs     245
Drug Development and Testing     246
Drug Trials     247
Key Questions about Drug Testing     249
Alternative Therapies     250
Bone Marrow Transplants     251
Gene Therapy     252
Thinking Well     253
Looking Back     255
An AIDS Vaccine     260
Looking Ahead     260
Introduction     260
General Vaccine Strategies     262
Types of Vaccine     263
AIDS Vaccine Strategies     265
Sterilizing and Therapeutic Immunities     266
AIDS Subunit Vaccines     267
Viable-Vector Vaccines     271
A Whole-Virus Vaccine     272
DNA Vaccines     274
Problems in Vaccine Development     275
Complexity of HIV     275
Economic Issues     276
Lack of Animal Models     277
Vaccine Trials     279
Issues to Consider     280
The Race to Vaccine     282
Looking Back     284
AIDS in Perspective     288
Looking Ahead     288
Introduction     288
AIDS and Society     289
AIDS in the Workplace     291
Legal Issues     294
Economic Issues     300
AIDS and Medical Professionals     303
Caring for the AIDS Patient     304
Education and Terminology     307
Home Care     307
The Future of AIDS     308
The Complexity of AIDS     309
The Lessons of AIDS     310
Looking Back     313
Answers to Review Questions     316
A Suggested Format for a 10-Session Course: The Biological Basis of AIDS     317
Pronunciation Guide     319
Glossary     321
Index     328