Table of Contents
Foreword Thomas Nagel xi
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxv
Part I State-of Nature Theory, or How to Back into a State without Really Trying
1 Why State-of-Nature Theory? 3
Political Philosophy 4
Explanatory Political Theory 6
2 The State of Nature 10
Protective Associations 12
The Dominant Protective Association 15
Invisible-Hand Explanations 18
Is the Dominant Protective Association A State? 22
3 Moral Constraints and the State 26
The Minimal State and the Ultraminimal State 26
Moral Constraints and Moral Goals 28
Why Side Constraints/ 30
Libertarian Constraints 33
Constraints and Animals 35
The Experience Machine 42
Underdetermination of Moral Theory 45
What Are Constraints Based Upon? 48
The Individualist Anarchist 51
4 Prohibition, Compensation, and Risk 54
Independents and the Dominant Protective Agency 54
Prohibition and Compensation 57
Why Ever Prohibit' 58
Retributive and Deterrence Theories of Punishment 59
Dividing the Benefits of Exchange 63
Fear and Prohibition 65
Why Not Always Prohibit? 71
Risk 73
The Principle of Compensation 78
Productive Exchange 84
5 The State 88
Prohibiting Private Enforcement of Justice 88
"The Principle of Fairness" 90
Procedural Rights 96
How May the Dominant Agency Act' 101
The De Facto Monopoly 108
Protecting Others 110
The State 113
The Invisible-Hand Explanation of the State 118
6 Further Considerations on the Argument for the State 120
Stopping the Process? 120
Preemptive Attack 126
Behavior in the Process 130
Legitimacy 133
The Right of All to Punish 137
Preventive Restraint 142
Part II Beyond the Minimal State?
7 Distributive Justice 149
Section I 150
The Entitlement Theory 150
Historical Principles and End-Result Principles 153
Patterning 155
How Liberty Upsets Patterns 160
Sen's Argument 164
Redistribution and Property Rights 167
Locke's Theory of Acquisition 174
The Proviso 178
Section II 183
Rawls' Theory 183
Social Cooperation 183
Terms of Cooperation and the Difference Principle 189
The Original Position and End-Result Principles 198
Macro and Micro 204
Natural Assets and Arbitrariness 213
The Positive Argument 216
The Negative Argument 224
Collective Assets 228
8 Equality, Envy, Exploitation, Etc. 232
Equality 232
Equality of Opportunity 235
Self-Esteem and Envy 239
Meaningful Work 246
Workers' Control 250
Marxian Exploitation 253
Voluntary Exchange 262
Philanthropy 265
Having a Say Over What Affects You 268
The Nonneutral State 271
How Redistribution Operates 274
9 Demoktesis 276
Consistency and Parallel Examples 277
The More-Than-Minimal State Derived 280
Hypothetical Histories 292
Part III Utopia
10 A Framework for Utopia 297
The Model 297
The Model Projected Onto Our World 307
The Framework 309
Design Devices and Filter Devices 312
The Framework as Utopian Common Ground 317
Community and Nation 320
Communities Which Change 323
Total Communities 325
Utopian Means and Ends 326
How Utopia Works Out 331
Utopia and the Minimal State 333
Notes 335
Bibliography 355
Index 361
