Attention: Theory and Practice / Edition 1

by Addie Johnson, Robert W Proctor

Overview

Johnson (U. of Groningen, The Netherlands) and Proctor (Purdue U.) provide an overview of the major studies, findings, and applications in the field of attention; discussion of the current knowledge of the neuropsychology of attention--including clinical deficits, diagnosis, and rehabilitation; a discussion of the theory and applications within the field of human factors and ergonomics--including applications to the display of information, design of human-machine systems, and training program. For advanced undergraduate and graduate students in cognitive psychology, and researchers and practitioners in related fields. Annotation ©2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780761927600
Publisher:	SAGE Publications
Publication date:	12/01/2003
Pages:	488
Product dimensions:	7.37(w) x 9.12(h) x (d)

About the Author

Addie Johnson is Professor of Human Performance and Ergonomics at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands. She received her Ph.D. in Cognitive Psychology from Purdue University in 1993 and has been teaching and conducting research in the field of attention and human performance for over 10 years. She has taught courses on attention to over 1,000 students and thus brings broad experience to bear in writing this text for a student audience. After five years as Assistant Professor in Human Factors Psychology at Rice University (with a year off as visiting scientist at the Institute of Occupational Physiology at the University of Dortmund, Germany), she moved to the University of Utrecht, The Netherlands, where she remained until moving to the University of Groningen in 2002. In addition to conducting research in attention, memory, and skill acquisition, with applications in the field of ergonomics, Dr. Johnson is active in several professional societies and has served on a number of editorial boards. She is currently Secretary of the Dutch Ergonomics Society. Attention: Theory and Practice is the second book she has co-authored with Robert W. Proctor. The first, Skill Acquisition and Human Performance, was published by Sage in 1995. Together, Drs. Johnson and Proctor bring a strong theoretical orientation as well as interest and experience in ergonomic applications to their new book.

Robert Proctor is Professor of Psychology at Purdue University at West Lafayette. He received his Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Texas at Arlington in 1975. Dr. Proctor has been teaching and conducting research in the field of attention and human performance for nearly 30 years. He conducts research on basic and applied aspects of human performance, with an emphasis on stimulus-response compatibility effects and the relation between perception and action. Dr. Proctor is member of several journal editorial boards. He has co-authored four books and co-edited two. Attention: Theory and Practice is his second book with Dr. Addie Johnson; the first, Skill Acquisition and Human Performance, was published by Sage in 1995. Together, these two authors brought an integrated perspective and broad experience to bear in crafting this book. Dr. Proctor is a fellow of the American Psychological Association and the American Psychological Society and an honorary fellow of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

Table of Contents

	Preface	xiii
1.	Historical Overview of Research on Attention	1
	The Philosophical Period	4
	The Period From 1860 to 1909	5
	Speed of Mental Processes	5
	Effects of Attention	9
	The Period From 1910 to 1949	14
	The Period From 1950 to 1974	18
	The Period From 1975 to Present	20
	Summary	23
	Preview of the Book	24
2.	Information Processing and the Study of Attention	29
	The Information Processing Approach	30
	Information Theory	31
	Information and Stages	32
	Mental Resources	37
	Arousal and Performance	39
	An Energetic Systems Model of Information Processing	42
	Behavioral Measures	43
	Reaction Time	43
	Accuracy	44
	Signal Detection Methods	46
	Psychophysiological Measures	51
	Brain Imaging Techniques	54
	Summary	55
3.	Selective Visual Attention	57
	The Function of Selective Attention	58
	Attention for Perception	58
	Attention for Awareness	58
	Attention for Action	59
	The Locus of Selection	59
	The Early-Selection View	59
	The Late-Selection View	61
	Is Selection Early or Late?	61
	The Spotlight of Attention	66
	Focusing the Attentional Spotlight	67
	Moving the Attentional Spotlight	68
	The Resolution of the Attentional Spotlight	69
	An Attentional Gradient?	70
	Attentional Control	71
	Overt and Covert Orienting	72
	Exogenous and Endogenous Orienting	73
	Space-Based Versus Object-Based Attention	76
	Is Space Special?	77
	Allocating Attention to Objects	78
	Visual Search	81
	Feature Integration Theory	85
	Guided Search 2.0	89
	Combining Object- and Space-Based Selection in Theories of Visual Attention	89
	A Theory of Visual Attention	89
	The CODE Theory of Visual Attention	90
	Summary	93
4.	Auditory and Crossmodal Attention	95
	Auditory Selective Attention	96
	The Dichotic Listening Paradigm	96
	Factors Affecting the Ease of Selection	98
	Processing of Unselected Information	99
	Divided Auditory Attention	101
	The Split-Span Technique	101
	Auditory Monitoring	102
	Alerting and Orienting Functions of Auditory Attention	104
	Attentional Set	107
	Attending to Multiple Locations or Modalities	112
	Visual Dominance	114
	Effects of Visual Information on Auditory Localization	116
	Effects of Attention on Pain Perception	117
	Crossmodal Attention	119
	Crossmodal Attention Cuing	120
	A Single Supra-Modal Spatial Attention Controller?	122
	Summary	123
5.	Attention and Inhibition	127
	Types of Inhibition	128
	Inhibition That Counters Activation	128
	Reactive Inhibition	129
	Behavioral Inhibition	130
	Inhibition of Irrelevant Information	130
	The Stroop Effect	130
	The Simon Effect	132
	A Response-Selection Basis for Spatial Compatibility Effects	134
	Flanker-Compatibility Effects	136
	Inhibition of Return	139
	Inhibition of Return and Visual Search	140
	Attentional and Motor Effects in Inhibition of Return	142
	Visual Marking	143
	Negative Priming	144
	Object-Based Negative Priming	148
	Ease of Selection and Degree of Negative Priming	150
	Inhibition Accounts of Negative Priming	151
	Episodic Retrieval Accounts of Negative Priming	152
	Inhibition of Thought and Memory	153
	Intentional Forgetting	153
	Suppression Processes in Reading	154
	Responding to a Signal to Stop	155
	Stopping Times	158
	The Nature of the Stopping Process	158
	Summary	161
6.	Multiple-Task Performance	163
	Managing Attentional Resources	164
	Setting Goals and Intentions	166
	Task-Set Switching	166
	Task-Set Switching and Executive Control	168
	Control of Multi-Step Tasks	170
	Intentional Control and Multitasking	174
	Attention and Skill	175
	A Closer Look at Dual-Task Performance	177
	The Psychological Refractory Period Effect	178
	The Response-Selection Bottleneck Model	179
	Modifications of the Response-Selection Bottleneck Model	185
	Effects of Practice on the PRP Effect	188
	Alternatives to Bottleneck Models	188
	Summary	189
7.	Memory and Attention	191
	Sensory Memory	193
	Iconic Memory	193
	Echoic Memory	196
	Working Memory	198
	The Phonological Loop	198
	The Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad	200
	The Central Executive	202
	The Role of Attention in Encoding and Retrieval	205
	Memory Consolidation and Attention	205
	Conceptual Short-Term Memory	206
	The Attentional Blink	207
	Change Blindness	212
	The Bottleneck Model Revisited	214
	The Attentional Blink and the PRP Effect	214
	Do Memory Operations Occupy the Central Bottleneck?	216
	Procedural Memory	217
	Implicit Learning	218
	Attention, Memory, and Skill	221
	Summary	225
8.	Attention and Displays	227
	Visual Displays	229
	Visual Search	229
	Search Patterns	230
	Computer Menus	231
	Multifunctional and Gaze-Contingent Multiresolutional Displays	232
	Organization of Displays	233
	Grouping Principles	234
	Object Displays and Emergent Features	235
	Display-Control Relations	238
	Salience of Display and Control Features	238
	Auditory and Multisensory Displays	241
	Auditory Displays	241
	Warning and Alerting Signals	244
	Alerting Signals for Mode Changes	245
	Multisensory Interfaces	246
	Supervisory Control	247
	Mental Models	248
	Ecological Interface Design	249
	Memory-Related Factors	250
	Complex Tasks and Display Arrangements	251
	Cognitive Load and Instructional Learning	252
	Vehicle Control and Operation	253
	Head-Up Displays	254
	Intelligent Transport Systems and In-Vehicle Navigation Aids	256
	Virtual Reality Environments	256
	Sustained Attention and Vigilance	257
	Summary	259
9.	Mental Workload and Situation Awareness	261
	Processing Resources	262
	Arousal and Workload	263
	Multiple-Resources Framework	265
	Processing Strategies	267
	Measuring Mental Workload	268
	Physiological Measures	268
	Performance-Based Measures	271
	Performance Operating Characteristics	274
	Subjective Measures	276
	Criteria for Selecting and Evaluating Workload Measures	279
	Situation Awareness	280
	Cognitive Factors in Situation Awareness	281
	Situation Awareness and Mental Workload	282
	Measurement of Situation Awareness	283
	Improving Situation Awareness	283
	Human Error	284
	Summary	290
10.	Individual Differences in Attention	293
	Attentional Ability	294
	Attention and Intelligence	299
	Intra-Individual Differences in Attention	306
	Arousal and Circadian Rhythms	306
	Energetic Arousal and Performance	308
	Attention Across the Lifespan	309
	Attentional Control in Children	309
	Attentional Control and Aging	314
	Inhibition and Aging	316
	Frontal Lobe Function and Monitoring Performance	319
	Training and Attention	321
	Controlling Attention	321
	Automaticity and Training	322
	Attention and Working Memory Capacity	324
	Attention, Memory, and Emotion	327
	Mood-Congruent Memory	327
	Memory and Depression	328
	Attention, Memory, and Anxiety	329
	Summary	330
11.	The Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention	333
	Tools of the Cognitive Neuroscientist	334
	Measurement Strengths and Limitations	334
	The Oddball Paradigm	336
	Mismatch Negativity: The Automatic Detection of Change	337
	Involuntary Orienting	338
	Neural Generators of Change Detection	339
	Selective Attention	340
	The Dual-Channel Oddball Task	341
	Channel Separation	341
	Filtering Unidimensional Stimuli	342
	Filtering Multidimensional Stimuli	344
	The Duality of Selection	347
	Inhibition Revealed by Attentional Training	347
	The Sources of Selective Control	350
	The Logic of Lesion Studies	350
	Effects of Prefrontal Damage on Channel Separation	352
	Prefrontal Control of Selection Duality	352
	Role of Prefrontal Cortex in Attention Disorders	353
	The Anterior Cingulate Cortex	353
	The Sites of Selective Control	354
	The Spatial Mapping of Selective Attention	354
	Selection of Object-Based Representations	355
	Target Versus Distractor Activation in Lateral Intraparietal Cortex	357
	Attentional Networks	360
	Posner's Orienting Network	361
	Mesulam's Attentional System	361
	Buchel and Friston's Path Network	362
	Dynamic Filtering: A General Purpose Attentional Network	364
	Summary	365
12.	Disorders of Attention	367
	Developmental Attention Disorders	368
	Attention Deficits Due to Focal Lesions and Hemorrhage	371
	Neglect	372
	Extinction	376
	Balint's Syndrome	376
	Attention Deficits Following Head Injury	378
	Traumatic Brain Injury	378
	Whiplash	381
	Measuring Attention Deficits	381
	Dementia	385
	Cortical Dementias	385
	Subcortical Dementias	386
	Attention Deficits in Psychiatric Patients	388
	Schizophrenia	388
	Depression	390
	Treatment of Attention Deficits	391
	Summary	395
	References	397
	Index	449
	About the Authors	473
	About the Contributing Authors	474

Editorial Reviews

"The book is well-organized and comprehensive in covering the essential material. The inclusion of human factors material is a strength that is not covered in other books. . . . The book is a balanced survey which will be of value to graduate students or anyone wanting to enter the field and needing a broad overview."

Steven Yantis

"My overall impression is that the authors have combined their expertise and experience in the classroom to provide a text that will clearly cover attention more completely and in a more coherent and less confusing manner than any other available text. . .this is the best available text on the psychology of attention at the advanced undergraduate level."

Mark Faust

"This text represents a strong review of the empirical and theoretical developments in attention work."

Tom Busey

"A nice overview of the ‘classic’ work on attention, with up-to-date consideration of the literature, usefully bringing together some more applied literatures in which attention is a central construct…The scholarship seems comprehensive and up-to-date, and the authors do a nice job of presenting research in a fair and neutral manner."

Richard Carlson

"The chapters present the material at a level appropriate for a first course on attention. The focus on providing a comprehensive treatment of the highlights of a variety of different topics related to attention is a strength. "

Art Kramer

"The work highlights the important issues and major findings while giving sufficient details of experimental studies, models, and theories so that results and conclusions are easy to follow and evaluate. The collection is balanced, adaptable and pedagogical with brief chapter previews, summaries, highlighted key words etc., thus making it an interesting reading for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in psychology as well as important resource for researchers and practitioners."

Deccan Herald