| Preface | iii |
| Figures | xi |
| Tables | xiii |
| Executive Summary | xv |
| Acknowledgments | xxxvii |
| List of Abbreviations | xxxix |
| Chapter 1 | Introduction | 1 |
| Background and Purpose | 1 |
| Factors Affecting the Use of Technology by Law Enforcement | 3 |
| How the Report Is Organized | 5 |
| Usage of Terms | 6 |
| Methodology | 8 |
| Part I | Law Enforcement's Use of Technology | 11 |
| Chapter 2 | Crime Prevention | 13 |
| Surveillance | 14 |
| Fixed-Site and Mobile Video Surveillance | 15 |
| Night Vision and Electro-Optical Surveillance | 18 |
| School Safety | 18 |
| Crime Analysis | 21 |
| Offender Tracking | 23 |
| Chapter 3 | First Response | 25 |
| Situation Reporting | 26 |
| Emergency Reporting Systems | 26 |
| Non-Emergency Reporting Systems | 27 |
| Mass Notification Systems | 28 |
| Tactical Communications | 28 |
| Communications Within Agencies | 28 |
| Interoperability Among Agencies | 30 |
| Officer Deployment | 31 |
| Officer Protection | 31 |
| Weapons and Personal Protection Devices | 31 |
| Drug and Weapons Detection | 39 |
| Pursuit Management | 40 |
| Counter-Terrorism | 42 |
| Chapter 4 | Investigation and Apprehension | 45 |
| Criminal Investigation | 46 |
| Digital Crime Scene Photography | 46 |
| Fingerprint Identification | 46 |
| Suspect Composites | 48 |
| Cybercrime | 48 |
| Suspect Apprehension | 52 |
| Summonses and Warrants | 52 |
| Mug Shots | 53 |
| Remote Case Filing | 53 |
| Chapter 5 | Forensic Analysis | 55 |
| Types of Crime | 56 |
| Types of Evidence | 58 |
| Controlled Substances | 59 |
| Latent Prints | 60 |
| Toxicology and Blood Alcohol | 60 |
| Forensic Biology Screening | 60 |
| Computer Crime Evidence | 60 |
| Firearms, Tool Marks, Footwear, and Tire Prints | 61 |
| Trace Evidence, Fire Debris, and Explosive Residue | 63 |
| Questioned Document Analysis | 64 |
| Types of Equipment | 64 |
| General Lab Equipment | 66 |
| Laboratory Information Management (LIM) Systems | 67 |
| DNA Analysis | 67 |
| Overall Stated Priorities | 73 |
| Clearing Backlogs | 74 |
| Trends Impacting Forensic Sciences | 77 |
| Broader Visions for Forensic Science Technology | 79 |
| Chapter 6 | Administration and Management | 83 |
| Information Processing | 84 |
| Computer Hardware | 84 |
| Computerized Data and Networks | 85 |
| Priorities of Computer-Related Needs | 87 |
| Closing the "Digital Divide" | 89 |
| Broader Visions for Information Technology | 90 |
| Planning | 94 |
| Tele- and Video-Conferencing | 94 |
| Risk Management | 95 |
| Technology Acquisition | 96 |
| Training | 97 |
| Current Availability of Training Technology and Technology Training | 98 |
| Future Needs Related to Training | 99 |
| Accountability | 104 |
| Accountability to Police Leadership | 105 |
| Video Cameras in Patrol Cars | 107 |
| Internet Use | 108 |
| Civil Rights | 109 |
| Public Opinion and Privacy Issues | 111 |
| Part II | Federal Challenges and Choices | 115 |
| Policy Background | 115 |
| Early Federal Initiatives | 116 |
| More Recent Initiatives | 117 |
| Chapter 7 | Sources of Technology Information and Support | 123 |
| Sources of Technology Information | 124 |
| Sources of Technology-Related Support | 124 |
| Partnering for Technology-Related Support | 127 |
| Chapter 8 | Research, Development, and Deployment | 129 |
| R&D and Commercialization | 131 |
| Technology Deployment | 134 |
| Direct Funding | 135 |
| Direct Supply | 136 |
| Access | 137 |
| Testing, Evaluation, and Standards | 138 |
| Coordination | 140 |
| Chapter 9 | Technology Application | 143 |
| Technology Assistance | 145 |
| News | 146 |
| Advice | 148 |
| Conferences | 150 |
| Training | 151 |
| Chapter 10 | Challenges and Choices | 153 |
| Numerical Lessons from the Surveys | 154 |
| Conceptual Lessons from the Surveys | 157 |
| Lowering the Barriers to Technology Adoption | 159 |
| Policy Considerations | 159 |
| Overarching Technology Challenges | 161 |
| Concluding Thoughts | 163 |
| Recommendations | 164 |
| Appendix | |
| A. | Rand Survey Methodology | 167 |
| B. | Examples of Nlectc Technology Assistance Activities | 175 |
| References | 193 |
