Cognitive Psychology / Edition 2

by Ronald T. Kellogg

Overview

This introductory textbook is presented as a survey of the discipline that editor Kellogg (St. Louis U.) suggests can be adapted for use in introductory and advanced courses. He opted to avoid discussion of controversy, instead going for a synthetic approach to the topics of perception, attention, memory, episodic memory, distortions of memory, semantic memory, learning concepts and skills, language production and comprehension, problem solving, reasoning, and intelligence. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

Product Details

ISBN-13:	2900761921300
Publisher:	SAGE Publications
Publication date:	08/15/2002
Edition description:	Second Edition

About the Author

Ronald T. Kellogg is Professor of Psychology in the Department of Psychology at Saint Louis University. His education includes degrees from the University of Iowa (BS, psychology) and the University of Colorado (MA and Ph D, experimental psychology) and postdoctoral study at Stanford University. His past research has examined attention, long-term memory, concept learning, and cognitive processes in writing. His current work focuses on working memory in written composition and hemispheric differences in the semantic processing of language production. He has authored numerous technical journal articles and book chapters plus several books, including The Psychology of Writing (1994), Cognitive Psychology, 2^nd Ed. (2003), and The Making of the Mind: The Neuroscience of Human Nature (2013).

Table of Contents

	Preface	xix
Part I	Introduction
1.	The Discipline	3
	Introduction to Cognitive Psychology	3
	Definitions of the Discipline	4
	Relation to Cognitive Science	6
	History of Cognitive Psychology	7
	Structuralism	8
	Functionalism	9
	Gestalt Psychology	10
	Psychoanalysis	11
	Behaviorism	11
	Information Processing	13
	Contemporary Cognitive Psychology	14
	Context	14
	Themes	17
	Methods	20
	Overview of the Text	26
	Summary	27
	Key Terms	28
	Recommended Readings	28
Part II	Basic Cognitive Operations
2.	Sensation and Perception	31
	Perception as Informed Construction	32
	Sensory Registration	36
	Thresholds	36
Box 2.1	Extrasensory Perception?	41
	Sensory Memory	42
	Pattern Recognition Processes	47
	The Cycle of Perception	48
	Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processes	50
	Patterns in Long-Term Memory	53
	Perceiving Objects in Scenes	58
	Gestalt Principles of Organization	59
	Scene Analysis	60
Box 2.2	Misperceiving Objects	63
	Summary	64
	Key Terms	66
	Recommended Readings	66
3.	Attention	69
	Filter Theories	70
	Early Selection	70
	Attenuation	72
	Late Selection	73
Box 3.1	Unconscious Perceptual Defense	77
	Capacity Theories	77
	Single Capacity	77
	Multiple Resources	80
	Conclusion	81
	Automatic Processes	82
	Criteria of Automaticity	83
Box 3.2	Automaticity in Behavior	84
	Practice and Automaticity	86
	Genetics and Maturation	89
	Visual Attention: A Closer Look	90
	Automatic and Controlled Processes	90
Box 3.3	Subliminal Influences	91
	Focusing Attention	92
	Attention Switching	93
	Neuroanatomical Systems	94
	Summary	95
	Key Terms	97
	Recommended Readings	97
4.	Memory	99
	Short-Term Versus Long-Term Memory	100
	The Serial Position Effect	101
	Neuropsychological Evidence	103
	Differences in Memory Stores	105
Box 4.1	Early Childhood Memories	110
	Revisions to the Multistore Model	118
	Fuzzy Criteria	118
	The Problem With Recency	119
	Activated Memory	119
	A Model of Working Memory	121
	Types of Long-Term Memory	121
	Declarative Versus Procedural Memory	122
	The Argument for Multiple Systems	124
	The Argument Against Multiple Systems	126
Box 4.2	Social Cognition	127
	Summary	128
	Key Terms	129
	Recommended Readings	130
Part III	Acquiring and Using Knowledge and Skill
5.	Learning, Remembering, and Forgetting	133
	Encoding and Storing Events	134
	Attention	134
	Rehearsal	135
	Levels of Processing	136
	Distinctiveness	138
	Organization	140
Box 5.1	Mnemonic Techniques	142
	Retrieval Processes	143
	Encoding Specificity	144
	Schemas and Memory	147
	Reconstructive Retrieval	147
	Encoding Distortions	149
Box 5.2	Memories of Abuse	159
	Summary	160
	Key Terms	161
	Recommended Readings	162
6.	Knowledge Representation and Use	165
	Schemas	166
	Characteristics of Schemas	167
	Types of Schemas	170
Box 6.1	Defining Natural Concepts	174
	Schema Modification and Acquisition	175
	Forms of Accommodation	175
	Hypothesis Testing Theory	176
	Automatic Learning	179
	Representational Codes	182
	The Nature of Propositions	183
	The Nature of Images	185
Box 6.2	Mental Maps	188
	Using Semantic Memory	189
	Network Theories	189
	The Feature-Comparison Model	192
	Summary	196
	Key Terms	198
	Recommended Readings	198
7.	Expertise	201
	Characteristics of Expertise	202
	The Mnemonic Encoding Principle	202
	Principle of Retrieval Structure	203
	Speedup Principle	207
	Principle of Flow	209
	Principle of Deliberate Practice	209
	The Principle of Metacognitive Control	211
	Illustrations of Expertise	213
	Mnemonic Skill	213
Box 7.1	Oddities of Expertise	213
	Problem Solving	218
	Computer Models of Expertise	222
	Expert Systems	222
	ACT*	223
	Summary	225
	Key Terms	227
	Recommended Readings	227
Part IV	The Nature and Use of Language
8.	Language	231
	Characteristics of Language	232
	Linguistic Universals	232
	Meaning, Structure, and Use	236
Box 8.1	Animal Language	240
	Competence Versus Performance	241
	Language Acquisition Device	242
	Neural Systems	243
	Grammars	246
	Phrase Structure Grammar	246
	Transformational Grammar	248
	Case Grammar	253
	Thought and Language	255
	The Identity Hypothesis	256
	The Whorfian Hypothesis	258
Box 8.2	Language Influences Thought	260
	Summary	261
	Key Terms	262
	Recommended Readings	262
9.	Speaking and Listening	265
	Speech Production	265
	Planning and Executing Speech	265
	Articulation	268
	Speech Errors	270
Box 9.1	American Sign Language	272
	Conversations	274
	Conclusion	277
	Speech Comprehension	277
	Complexities of Speech	278
	Genetic Preparedness	283
Box 9.2	A Linguistic Genius	284
	Intelligibility and Analysis by Synthesis	285
	The Relation of Production and Comprehension	288
	Motor Theory	288
	Node Structure Theory	288
	Summary	292
	Key Terms	293
	Recommended Readings	293
10.	Writing and Reading	295
	Text Production	296
	A Model of Handwriting	296
	A Model of Discourse Formulation	297
Box 10.1	Writer's Block	299
	Knowledge Transformation	301
	Spelling	303
	Text Comprehension	304
	Comprehension as Structure Building	305
	Referential Coherence	307
	A Process Model	309
	Global Frameworks	310
	Suppositions, Inferences, and Interpretations	314
	Components of Reading Skill	319
Box 10.2	Fixations in Reading	322
	Summary	323
	Key Terms	325
	Recommended Readings	325
Part V	Thinking Skills and Intelligence
11.	Problem Solving	329
	Types of Thinking	330
	Well-Defined and Ill-Defined Problems	331
	Productive and Reproductive Problem Solving	333
	Relations Among Terms	334
Box 11.1	Problem Solving Constraints	335
	A General Model of Problem Solving	338
	Representing Problems	338
	Searching the Problem Space	343
	Domain-Specific Knowledge and Metacognition	349
	Obstacles to Problem Solving	350
	Einstellung	351
	Functional Fixedness	352
	Creativity	353
	Historical Versus Process Creativity	353
	Stages of Creativity	354
	Sources of Creativity	356
Box 11.2	Unconscious Problem Solving?	357
	Summary	358
	Key Terms	360
	Recommended Readings	360
12.	Reasoning and Decision Making	363
	Syllogistic Reasoning	364
	Syllogistic Forms	365
	Human Performance	369
	Explanations	370
	The Importance of Meaning	371
Box 12.1	Cross-Cultural Differences	372
	Conditional Reasoning	375
	Valid and Invalid Conditional Reasoning	375
	Human Performance	376
	Meaning and Models Revisited	379
	Inductive Reasoning	380
	Hypothesis Testing	381
	Confirmation Bias Revisited	381
	Decision Making	382
	Types of Decisions	383
	Reasoning Under Uncertainty	384
Box 12.2	Evaluating Health Risks	388
	Probability or Frequency	390
	Summary	391
	Key Terms	392
	Recommended Readings	393
13.	Intelligence and Thinking	395
	Traditional Views of Intelligence	396
Box 13.1	Artificial Intelligence	398
	Three Alternatives to Tradition	399
	The Triarchic Theory	399
	The Frames Theory of Multiple Intelligences	402
	Conclusions	406
	The Enhancement of Thinking Skills	408
	Teaching General Thinking Skills	409
	Gender Differences	412
	Meta-Analysis	413
	Verbal Differences	415
	Visual-Spatial Differences	415
	Mathematical Differences	416
	Explanations	416
	Summary	419
	Key Terms	421
	Recommended Readings	421
Part VI	The Past and Future
14.	Consciousness	425
	Varieties of Waking Consciousness	427
	Anoetic, Noetic, and Autonoetic Consciousness	427
	Normal Versus Dissociated Consciousness	429
Box 14.1	Animal Consciousness	430
	Dreaming and Daydreaming	434
	Dreaming	434
Box 14.2	Altered Consciousness	436
	Daydreaming	439
	Similarities Among Modes of Consciousness	440
	Properties of Waking Consciousness	442
	Narration	442
	Sequential Construction	444
	Executive Control	446
	The Mind-Body Problem	449
	Classic Viewpoints	449
	An Interactive Synthesis	451
	The Future of Cognitive Psychology	452
	Summary	453
	Key Terms	455
	Recommended Readings	455
	References	457
	Author Index	503
	Subject Index	513
	About the Author	523

Editorial Reviews

A survey of cognitive psychology for both undergraduate and graduate students, assuming a solid background in general psychology. The text is divided into six sections: introduction; basic cognitive operations; acquiring and using knowledge and skill; the nature and use of language; thinking skills and intelligence; and the past and future. Each section concludes with a summary, key terms, and recommended readings. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Booknews