Table of Contents
Preface iii
Figures ix
Tables xi
Summary xiii
Acknowledgments xxvii
Abbreviations xxix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
The Problem: Controlling and Reducing the Costs of C4I Upgrades 1
Research Objectives and Approach 2
Organization of the Report 4
Chapter 2 Background on Navy C4I Systems 5
Sea Power 21 and FORCEnet 5
Responsibility for C4I 6
Navy C4I Systems 7
C2 Systems 8
Networks and Communication Systems 11
C4I Upgrades and In-Service and New-Construction Timelines 14
Chapter 3 C4I Upgrades: Issues and Options 17
C4I-Upgrade Issues During Ship Design and Construction 17
Adapting Commercially Available Systems and Technologies to Shipboard Environments 18
Deciding on GFE Versus CFE Systems 20
Ensuring the Currency of C4I Systems at Delivery 21
Incorporating Adequate Design Margins 23
C4I-Upgrade Issues for In-service Ships 24
Various Ship Configurations Make the Planning of Upgrades Difficult 24
Navigating the SHIPMAIN Process 26
C4I System Upgrade Issues Common to New-Ship Construction and In-Service Ships 27
Integration and Testing 28
Hot Work and Changes to Ship Services 29
Topside Integration 31
Summary 31
Chapter 4 Analysis of C4I Installation Costs 35
Methodology 36
Cost Normalization 39
Analytic Approach 39
C4I System Upgrade Display a High Degree of Installation-Cost Variability 40
Factors That Influence Installation-Labor Costs 42
Influence of Ship Type on Installation-Labor Cost 42
Variations Within Ship Type 47
Cost Improvement Occurred with Some of the Upgrades 51
CANES Early Adopters 54
Estimate Accuracy 56
Analysis by Hull Type 60
Analysis by Upgrade Type 63
Summary of Observations65
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations 67
Designing and Building Ships to Reduce C4I-Upgrade Costs 68
Managing Ship Programs to Reduce C4I-Upgrade Costs 69
Steps to Address the Variability in Upgrade Costs 70
The Impact of Ship Type, Ship Age, and Installation Location 71
Reducing Costs for Successive Installations 72
Accuracy in Estimating Installation-Labor Costs 72
Appendixes
A Programs Managed by PEO C4I 73
B Descriptions of Analyzed Upgrades 89
Bibliography 103
