Table of Contents
Editor's Foreword ix
Foreword 1
The Different Faces of Energy
1 The Forms and Units of Energy 5
1.1 The Energy Chain 7
1.2 Energy Units 9
2 Nature's Energy Supply 13
2.1 Coal 14
2.2 Oil 17
2.3 Natural Gas 20
2.4 Nuclear Fuels 22
2.5 Renewable Energies 24
Energy Consumption and Population Growth
3 Statistics on Today's Energy Consumption 31
3.1 Energy Use Worldwide 36
4 Energy Consumption in Everyday Life 38
4.1 Example: A Four-Person Household in Germany 39
4.2 Comparison with India 44
5 The Poor and the Rich 47
6 Does Energy Consumption Follow Population Growth? 52
6.1 The Division into "Prosperity Classes" 52
6.2 Growth of Energy Consumption 54
6.3 Redistribution 57
Energy - A Commercial Product
7 Energy is a Commodity 63
7.1 Brown Coal 64
7.2 Hard Coal 64
7.3 Oil 67
7.4 The Role of OPEC 69
7.5 Oil as a Source of Tax Revenues 73
7.6 Oil from the Consumer's Point of View 74
7.7 Natural Gas 76
8 The Special Features of Grid-Bound Energy Sources 78
8.1 Decontrol Shapes the Markets 78
8.2 Commodity-Exchange Trading 82
8.3 Integrated Grid Systems 83
8.4 Electric Power in Developing Countries 83
8.5 The State Steps In 84
8.6 What Does Electricity Cost? 86
The Run on Energy Stocks
9 The Race for Deposit Areas 93
9.1 The Geography of Deposit Areas 93
9.2 Technological Problems of Access 97
9.3 Economic Problems of Access 99
9.4 Geographical Problems of Access 103
9.5 Political Problems of Access 104
10 The Oil Will Be Used Up Within Forty Years 108
Energy Use and the Environment
11 Energy Conversion Creates Air Pollution 119
11.1 Pollution and Types of Environmental Damage 119
11.2 How TheyGet to Us 123
11.3 Air Pollutants and Their Effects 124
12 Successes in Emissions Reduction 129
12.1 Successes in Air-Pollution Control in Industrialized Countries 132
12.2 The Emerging-Market Countries Follow 133
12.3 Air-Pollution Control Costs Money 134
12.4 Controlling Greenhouse Gases 135
13 Waste Heat and Greenhouse Gases 137
13.1 Waste Heat 137
13.2 Carbon Dioxide and Other Greenhouse Gases 138
13.3 National and International Policies 143
13.4 The Cost of CO2 Reduction 147
A Ray of Hope: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energies
14 Saving Energy 153
14.1 Past Successes 155
14.2 Possibilities for Improved Economy and Efficiency 156
14.3 The Conflict between Consumer Behavior and Energy Efficiency 163
15 Hydroelectric Power and Biomass 166
15.1 Hydroelectric Power 167
15.2 Biomass 172
16 Solar and Wind Energy 178
16.1 Solar Panels 178
16.2 Solar Power Stations 180
16.3 Photovoltaics 183
16.4 Wind Power 188
Energy Use Is an Ethical Question
17 Energy Supply - The Key Question 199
18 The Choice of Energy Sources 201
19 The Time Frame 206
On the Way to the Energy World of the Future
20 Modeling Games for Tomorrow 211
20.1 Scenarios and Forecasts 211
20.2 Worldwide Considerations 212
20.3 Expectations for the Future 213
21 Components of the Energy Mix 217
21.1 Power Stations 219
21.2 Heat Production 221
21.3 Transportation 221
21.4 Nuclear Power 222
21.5 Cogeneration of Heat and Power 223
21.6 Renewable Energies and Measures for Increased Energy Efficiency 224
21.7 Hydrogen 224
21.8 Geothermal Energy 226
21.9 Storage 227
21.10 Energy Transfer over Large Areas 227
21.11 Centralized vs. Decentralized 228
The Challenge of Energy - Using our Opportunities
22 The Facts 233
23 Renewable Energies - Our Hope for the Future 236
24 Using Less Energy in the Future 238
25 Cheap Energy is Running Low 240
26 A Look to the Future 242
Glossary 245
Bibliography 251
