Everyone to Skis!: Skiing in Russia and the Rise of Soviet Biathlon

Nowhere in the world was the sport of biathlon, a combination of cross-country skiing and rifle marksmanship, taken more seriously than in the Soviet Union, and no other nation garnered greater success at international venues. From the introduction of modern biathlon in 1958 to the USSR’s demise in 1991, athletes representing the Soviet Union won almost half of all possible medals awarded in world championship and Olympic competition. Yet more than sheer technical skill created Soviet superiority in biathlon. The sport embodied the Soviet Union’s culture, educational system and historical experience and provided the perfect ideological platform to promote the state’s socialist viewpoint and military might, imbuing the sport with a Cold War sensibility that transcended the government’s primary quest for post-war success at the Olympics.

William D. Frank’s book is the first comprehensive analysis of how the Soviet government interpreted the sport of skiing as a cultural, ideological, political and social tool throughout the course of seven decades. In the beginning, the Soviet Union owned biathlon, and so the stories of both the state and the event are inseparable. Through the author’s unique perspective on biathlon as a former nationally-ranked competitor and current professor of Soviet history, Everyone to Skis! will appeal to students and scholars of Russian and Soviet history as well as to general readers with an interest in skiing and the development of twentieth-century sport.

1301080547
Everyone to Skis!: Skiing in Russia and the Rise of Soviet Biathlon

Nowhere in the world was the sport of biathlon, a combination of cross-country skiing and rifle marksmanship, taken more seriously than in the Soviet Union, and no other nation garnered greater success at international venues. From the introduction of modern biathlon in 1958 to the USSR’s demise in 1991, athletes representing the Soviet Union won almost half of all possible medals awarded in world championship and Olympic competition. Yet more than sheer technical skill created Soviet superiority in biathlon. The sport embodied the Soviet Union’s culture, educational system and historical experience and provided the perfect ideological platform to promote the state’s socialist viewpoint and military might, imbuing the sport with a Cold War sensibility that transcended the government’s primary quest for post-war success at the Olympics.

William D. Frank’s book is the first comprehensive analysis of how the Soviet government interpreted the sport of skiing as a cultural, ideological, political and social tool throughout the course of seven decades. In the beginning, the Soviet Union owned biathlon, and so the stories of both the state and the event are inseparable. Through the author’s unique perspective on biathlon as a former nationally-ranked competitor and current professor of Soviet history, Everyone to Skis! will appeal to students and scholars of Russian and Soviet history as well as to general readers with an interest in skiing and the development of twentieth-century sport.

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Everyone to Skis!: Skiing in Russia and the Rise of Soviet Biathlon

Everyone to Skis!: Skiing in Russia and the Rise of Soviet Biathlon

by William D Frank
Everyone to Skis!: Skiing in Russia and the Rise of Soviet Biathlon

Everyone to Skis!: Skiing in Russia and the Rise of Soviet Biathlon

by William D Frank

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Overview

Nowhere in the world was the sport of biathlon, a combination of cross-country skiing and rifle marksmanship, taken more seriously than in the Soviet Union, and no other nation garnered greater success at international venues. From the introduction of modern biathlon in 1958 to the USSR’s demise in 1991, athletes representing the Soviet Union won almost half of all possible medals awarded in world championship and Olympic competition. Yet more than sheer technical skill created Soviet superiority in biathlon. The sport embodied the Soviet Union’s culture, educational system and historical experience and provided the perfect ideological platform to promote the state’s socialist viewpoint and military might, imbuing the sport with a Cold War sensibility that transcended the government’s primary quest for post-war success at the Olympics.

William D. Frank’s book is the first comprehensive analysis of how the Soviet government interpreted the sport of skiing as a cultural, ideological, political and social tool throughout the course of seven decades. In the beginning, the Soviet Union owned biathlon, and so the stories of both the state and the event are inseparable. Through the author’s unique perspective on biathlon as a former nationally-ranked competitor and current professor of Soviet history, Everyone to Skis! will appeal to students and scholars of Russian and Soviet history as well as to general readers with an interest in skiing and the development of twentieth-century sport.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9780875804767
Publisher: Northern Illinois University Press
Publication date: 10/31/2013
Pages: 396
Product dimensions: 6.40(w) x 9.20(h) x 1.40(d)

About the Author

William D. Frank earned his PhD in History at the University of Washington. He competed in the United States Biathlon Team Selection Trials for the 1980 Winter Olympic Games in Lake Placid, New York and the 1981 Biathlon World Championships in Lahti, Finland, the United States Biathlon Qualification Race Series for the 1984 Winter Olympic Games in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, the United States Biathlon National Championships of 1979 and 1981, and the United States National Cross-Country Championships of 1985. He is an occasional lecturer in History and Humanities at Central Washington University.
 

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments xi

Introduction 3

1 Long Boards in the Long Nineteenth Century 13

Skiing: An Ancient Solution to Winter's Problems

Polar Exploration and the Great Game

The Ski Clubs of Russia

Ski Entrepreneurs: "A Wonderful Gift for Christmas!"

The Sokol Movement in Russia

Women's Skiing

Ski Racing and Nordiska Spelen

A Ski Race to the South Pole

2 The First World War to NEP 41

The Great War

Revolution and Civil War in Russia

Cavalry and Skiing

The Soviet Hero-Toivo Antikainen

Ski-Shooting and the Home Guard

Women's Skiing after the Revolution

Team Events and Relay Races

Skiing, Shooting and the Military Patrol Race

Equipping the Masses with Skis

Polar Exploration in the 1920s

3 Stalin and the Inter-War Years 69

Multi-Day Ski Treks and the Stakhanovites

Mechanized Cavalry and Stalin's Arctic

Gotov k trudu i oborone: Ready for Labor and Defense

Sports Classification System

Fascist States and International Sports

4 The Winter War and the Great Patriotic War, 1939-1945 88

The Winter War, 1939-1940

"Hurrah for Comrade Stalin!"

S. K. Timoshenko and the Ski Mobilization Movement

The Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945

5 Post-War Soviet Sports and the Birth of Biathlon 114

The Myth of War

The Soviet Union and International Cross-Country Ski Racing

Soviet Skiers Take to the International Stage

The Birth of Biathlon

Biathlon in the USSR

6 Skiing, Shooting and Politics, 1960 to 1962 153

Balancing Skiing with Shooting

The Eighth Winter Olympics: Squaw Valley, California, 1960

Revamping Biathlon

Ski Racing as a Spectator Sport

Zakopane, Poland, and Umeå, Sweden, 1961

The World Ski Championships of 1962: "La guerre froide et le sport"

Hämeenlinna, Finland: Fourth Biathlon World Championship, 1962

7 The Triumph of Soviet Biathlon, 1963 to 1966 188

Seefeld, Austria: Fifth Biathlon World Championship, 1963

The Ninth Winter Olympics: Innsbruck and Seefeld, Austria, 1964

"Repetition of a Legend"

The Last of the Old Program Competitions: Elverum, Norway, 1965

"Sport Is the Cosmonauts' Assistant"

Biathlon's New Epoch

Garmisch-Partenkirchen, West Germany: Biathlon World Championships, 1966

8 The Era of Aleksandr Tikhonov 214

"Sasha Tikhonov from Novosibirsk"

The Tenth Winter Olympics: Grenoble, France, 1968

The Olympic Biathlon Relay

Tikhonov in the Limelight

9 Minsk: Thirteenth Biathlon World Championships, 1974 232

1974: The Year of Change

Sport as Spectacle

"Accept Flowers, Guests of Minsk!"

10 The Fifteenth Winter Olympic Games: Calgary, Canada, 1988 251

The East German Sports Program

Steroids, Drugs and Blood

Big Sport, Big Business

The Winter Olympics: Calgary, 1988

"I've Created What They Say Is an International Incident"

Calgary's Aftermath

Afterword 283

Notes 291

Bibliography 359

Index 381

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