Knowing and Teaching Elementary Mathematics: Teachers' Understanding of Fundamental Mathematics in China and the United States

by Liping Ma

Overview

Studies of teachers in the U.S. often document insufficient subject matter knowledge in mathematics. Yet, these studies give few examples of the knowledge teachers need to support teaching, particularly the kind of teaching demanded by recent reforms in mathematics education. Knowing and Teaching Elementary Mathematics describes the nature and development of the knowledge that elementary teachers need to become accomplished mathematics teachers, and suggests why such knowledge seems more common in China than in the United States, despite the fact that Chinese teachers have less formal education than their U.S. counterparts.

The anniversary edition of this bestselling volume includes the original studies that compare U.S and Chinese elementary school teachers' mathematical understanding and offers a powerful framework for grasping the mathematical content necessary to understand and develop the thinking of school children. Highlighting notable changes in the field and the author's work, this new edition includes an updated preface, introduction, and key journal articles that frame and contextualize this seminal work.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780415873840
Publisher:	Taylor & Francis
Publication date:	01/25/2010
Series:	Studies in Mathematical Thinking and Learning Series
Edition description:	Anniversary
Pages:	232
Product dimensions:	5.90(w) x 8.90(h) x 0.60(d)

About the Author

Liping Ma earned a Ph.D. from Stanford University, following a masters degree in education from East China Normal University. After a term as a senior scientist at the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, she is now an independent scholar.

Table of Contents

Author's Preface to the Anniversary Edition xi

Series Editor's Introduction to the Anniversary Edition xvi

A Note about the Anniversary Edition xviii

Foreword xix

Acknowledgments xxiii

Introduction xxvi

1 Subtraction With Regrouping: Approaches To Teaching A Topic 1

The U. S. Teachers' Approach: Borrowing Versus Regrouping 2

The Chinese Teachers' Approach: "Decomposing a Higher Value Unit" 7

Discussion 21

Summary 26

2 Multidigit Number Multiplication: Dealing with Students' Mistakes 28

The U.S. Teachers' Approach: Lining Up Versus Separating Into Three Problems 29

The Chinese Teachers' Approach: Elaborating the Concept of Place Value 38

Discussion 52

Summary 54

3 Generating Representations: Division By Fractions 55

The U.S. Teachers' Performance on Calculation 56

The Chinese Teachers' Performance on Calculation 58

The U.S. Teachers' Representations of Division by Fractions 64

The Chinese Teachers' Approach to the Meaning of Division by Fractions 72

Discussion 80

Summary 82

4 Exploring New Knowledge: The Relationship Between Perimeter And Area 84

How the U. S. Teachers Explored the New Idea 85

How the Chinese Teachers Explored the New Idea 90

Discussion 103

Summary 106

5 Teachers' Subject Matter Knowledge: Profound Understanding of Fundamental Mathematics 107

A Cross-Topic Picture of the Chinese Teachers' Knowledge: What Is Its Mathematical Substance" 108

Knowledge Packages and Their Key Pieces: Understanding Longitudinal Coherence in Learning 113

Elementary Mathematics as Fundamental Mathematics 116

Profound Understanding of Fundamental Mathematics 118

Summary 123

6 Profound Understanding Of Fundamental Mathematics: When And How Is It Attained" 125

When Is Profound Understanding of Fundamental Mathematics Attained": What the Preteaching Groups Knew About the Four Topics 126

Profound Understanding of Fundamental Mathematics: How It Is Attained 129

Summary 142

7 Conclusion 144

Address Teacher Knowledge and Student Learning at the Same Time 146

Enhance the Interaction Between Teachers' Study of School Mathematics and How to Teach It 147

Refocus Teacher Preparation 149

Understand the Role That Curricular Materials, Including Textbooks, Might Play in Reform 150

Understand the Key to Reform: Whatever the Form of Classroom Interactions Might Be, They Must Focus on Substantive Mathematics 151

Appendix 154

References 156

New to the Anniversary Edition: Fang and Paine's "Bridging Polarities: How Liping Ma's Knowing and Teaching Mathematics Entered the U. S. Mathematics and Mathematics Education Discourses" 161

New to the Anniversary Edition: Ma's Response to "Bridging Polarities" 186

Author Index 189

Subject Index 191

What People are Saying About This

From the Publisher

"Both sides in the math wars claim Dr. Ma as their own. Districts have distributed her book to teachers. Its broad appeal offers some hope for common ground in math education....we will continue fights over whether children should be taught arithmetic rules or theory. What Dr. Ma shows is that we need both."
—The New York Times

"Ma's book is a significant contribution to mathematics education because it begins to tackle the important and complex question of 'what is mathematical knowledge for elementary teaching'. In doing so, she helps us to understand elementary mathematics as a complex and demanding subject that is to be taken seriously."
—Contemporary Psychology

"Elementary school teachers need as deep an understanding of the mathematics they teach as high school teachers need of what they teach. Both need a deep knowledge of the mathematics which comes in later grades, at least three or four, for this knowledge should influence how topics are taught."
—Mathematicians and Educational Reform

"Must reading for those who call for more mathematics and those who champion reform pedagogy in teacher education."
—CHOICE

"...Ma has done a masterful job of showing how the conceptual approach of Chinese elementary school teachers succeeds where the procedural approach of their American counterparts flounders....I highly recommend this brief volume to elementary school teachers who wish to improve their teaching of mathematics. I also recommend it to all university teacher educators who want their students to develop that 'profound understanding of fundamental mathematics' that allows Chinese students to outscore their American counterparts in international assessments."
—Mathematics Teaching in the Middle Schools

"The contributions of this book are multifaceted....This book is an excellent resource and will interest anyone involved in teaching preservice teachers, as well as researchers concerned with teachers' knowledge of content and methods."
—Teaching Children Mathematics

"Even beyond education, the book supports the need for, and indeed the educational benefits of, changing professional teaching conditions for U.S. teachers....it provides some food for thought for everyone involved in improving mathematics education. And it supports the necessity, highlighted in NCTM's Standards documents, that even at the elementary school level, students can, and should, learn challenging mathematics."
—NCTM News Bulletin

"For all who are concerned with mathematics education...Knowing and Teaching Elementary Mathematics is an important book. For those who are skeptical that mathematics education research can say much of value, it can serve as a counterexample. For those interested in improving precollege mathematics education in the U.S., it provides important clues to the nature of the problem. An added bonus is that, despite the somewhat forbidding educationese of its title, the book is quite readable....I recommend this book!"
—Notices of the AMS

"Ma's work has been well received on both sides of the so-called math wars....Supporters of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) reform agenda are pleased by her stress on real understanding as opposed to mere computational competence."
—American Scientist

"...a book that is becoming a stealth hit for math junkies on both sides of the 'math wars,' and a must read for anyone interested in solving the problems of public schools."
—The Christian Science Monitor Electronic Edition

"The book is earning praise both from some of those who support changes proposed in the NCTM Standards and from some of those who oppose them, and it is sparking discussion. It is also helping to unify some disparate forces in mathematics education on at least a few ideas for continuing positive changes....[the book] provides some food for thought for everyone involved in improving mathematics education."
—NCTM News Bulletin

"Mathematical performance of children in countries in the west like the USA and the UK is a constant source of concern when comparisons are made with achievements in countries in the Far East and Eastern Europe. Liping Ma's book provides valuable insights into possible explanations for this disparity—and these have obvious implications for the training of mathematics teachers in any country."
—British Journal of Educational Technology

"Liping Ma's work has given me hope about what can be done to improve mathematics education."
—Richard Askey, University of Wisconsin-Madison

"This is indeed a valuable, enlightening book. It attests to the talent of its author, and to the Chinese and American learning environments that have nurtured that talent. It attests to the value of welcoming scholars from other nations to study in the United States. I urge all those who are seriously concerned about the quality of mathematics education in the United States to read this book, and to take its lessons seriously."
—Lee Shulman, President, Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, From the Foreword

"For all who are concerned with mathematics education in the U.S., Liping Ma has written an important book. It provides valuable clues to the nature of the problem of improving our K-12 mathematics education. An added bonus is that, despite the somewhat foreboding educationese of its title, it is quite readable. I recommend this book."
—Roger Howe, Yale University

"Must reading for those who call for more mathematics and those who champion reform pedagogy in teacher education."
—Anna O. Graeber, University of Maryland-College Park

"...both a graceful introduction (for mathematicians and other neophytes) to an important area of mathematics education and an interesting theoretical work in its own right. I recommend it highly."
—Judith Roitman, University of Kansas

Editorial Reviews

"Both sides in the math wars claim Dr. Ma as their own. Districts have distributed her book to teachers. Its broad appeal offers some hope for common ground in math education....we will continue fights over whether children should be taught arithmetic rules or theory. What Dr. Ma shows is that we need both."
—The New York Times

"Ma's book is a significant contribution to mathematics education because it begins to tackle the important and complex question of 'what is mathematical knowledge for elementary teaching'. In doing so, she helps us to understand elementary mathematics as a complex and demanding subject that is to be taken seriously."
—Contemporary Psychology

"Elementary school teachers need as deep an understanding of the mathematics they teach as high school teachers need of what they teach. Both need a deep knowledge of the mathematics which comes in later grades, at least three or four, for this knowledge should influence how topics are taught."
—Mathematicians and Educational Reform

"Must reading for those who call for more mathematics and those who champion reform pedagogy in teacher education."
—CHOICE

"...Ma has done a masterful job of showing how the conceptual approach of Chinese elementary school teachers succeeds where the procedural approach of their American counterparts flounders....I highly recommend this brief volume to elementary school teachers who wish to improve their teaching of mathematics. I also recommend it to all university teacher educators who want their students to develop that 'profound understanding of fundamental mathematics' that allows Chinese students to outscore their American counterparts in international assessments."
—Mathematics Teaching in the Middle Schools

"The contributions of this book are multifaceted....This book is an excellent resource and will interest anyone involved in teaching preservice teachers, as well as researchers concerned with teachers' knowledge of content and methods."
—Teaching Children Mathematics

"Even beyond education, the book supports the need for, and indeed the educational benefits of, changing professional teaching conditions for U.S. teachers....it provides some food for thought for everyone involved in improving mathematics education. And it supports the necessity, highlighted in NCTM's Standards documents, that even at the elementary school level, students can, and should, learn challenging mathematics."
—NCTM News Bulletin

"For all who are concerned with mathematics education...Knowing and Teaching Elementary Mathematics is an important book. For those who are skeptical that mathematics education research can say much of value, it can serve as a counterexample. For those interested in improving precollege mathematics education in the U.S., it provides important clues to the nature of the problem. An added bonus is that, despite the somewhat forbidding educationese of its title, the book is quite readable....I recommend this book!"
—Notices of the AMS

"Ma's work has been well received on both sides of the so-called math wars....Supporters of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) reform agenda are pleased by her stress on real understanding as opposed to mere computational competence."
—American Scientist

"...a book that is becoming a stealth hit for math junkies on both sides of the 'math wars,' and a must read for anyone interested in solving the problems of public schools."
—The Christian Science Monitor Electronic Edition

"The book is earning praise both from some of those who support changes proposed in the NCTM Standards and from some of those who oppose them, and it is sparking discussion. It is also helping to unify some disparate forces in mathematics education on at least a few ideas for continuing positive changes....[the book] provides some food for thought for everyone involved in improving mathematics education."
—NCTM News Bulletin

"Mathematical performance of children in countries in the west like the USA and the UK is a constant source of concern when comparisons are made with achievements in countries in the Far East and Eastern Europe. Liping Ma's book provides valuable insights into possible explanations for this disparity--and these have obvious implications for the training of mathematics teachers in any country."
—British Journal of Educational Technology

"Liping Ma's work has given me hope about what can be done to improve mathematics education."
—Richard Askey, University of Wisconsin-Madison

"This is indeed a valuable, enlightening book. It attests to the talent of its author, and to the Chinese and American learning environments that have nurtured that talent. It attests to the value of welcoming scholars from other nations to study in the United States. I urge all those who are seriously concerned about the quality of mathematics education in the United States to read this book, and to take its lessons seriously."
—Lee Shulman, President, Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, From the Foreword

"For all who are concerned with mathematics education in the U.S., Liping Ma has written an important book. It provides valuable clues to the nature of the problem of improving our K-12 mathematics education. An added bonus is that, despite the somewhat foreboding educationese of its title, it is quite readable. I recommend this book."
—Roger Howe, Yale University

"Must reading for those who call for more mathematics and those who champion reform pedagogy in teacher education."
—Anna O. Graeber, University of Maryland-College Park

"...both a graceful introduction (for mathematicians and other neophytes) to an important area of mathematics education and an interesting theoretical work in its own right. I recommend it highly."
—Judith Roitman, University of Kansas

From the Publisher