Language Mixing in Infant Bilingualism: A Sociolinguistic Perspective

by Elizabeth Lanza

Overview

This study examines the simultaneous acquisition of Norwegian and English by two first-born children each with one American and one Norwegian parent. Lanza investigates the issue of language mixing in relation to language dominance and the child's differentiation between the two languages in relation to the communicative demands of the context.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780198235750
Publisher:	OUP Oxford
Publication date:	04/01/1997
Series:	Oxford Studies in Language Contact Series
Edition description:	New Edition
Pages:	412
Product dimensions:	6.14(w) x 9.21(h) x 1.06(d)
Lexile:	1370L (what's this?)

Table of Contents

List of Figures		xiii	(1)
List of Tables		xiv	(1)
Abbreviations and Symbols		xv
1. Introduction		1	(16)
1.0 Introduction		1	(1)
1.1 Language system and language mixing		2	(2)
1.2 The one-system or two-system hypotheses		4	(1)
1.3 Language mixing and bilingualism:a sociolinguistic perspective		5	(6)
1.4 Simultaneous or successive acquisition of two languages?		11	(2)
1.5 Language exposure patterns for establishing early bilingualism		13	(2)
1.6 Overview of the book		15	(2)
2. Language Mixing: Some Linguistic, Psycholinguistic, Neurolinguistic, and Sociolinguistic Issues		17	(54)
2.0 Introduction		17	(1)
2.1 'Bilingualism as a first language'		17	(32)
2.1.1 Leopold's diary study		18	(5)
2.1.2 Swain and Wesche(1975)		23	(4)
2.1.3 Volterra and Taeschner (1978)		27	(5)
2.1.4 Redlinger and Park (1980)		32	(6)
2.1.5 Vihman(1985)		38	(7)
2.1.6 Other studies		45	(4)
2.1.7 Summary		49	(1)
2.2 Some empirical claims of separate development		49	(10)
2.2.1 Language mixing from language input		50	(3)
2.2.2 Cases for separate lexical and syntactic development		53	(6)
2.3 One system or two?		59	(3)
2.4 Are bilinguals the sum of two monolinguals?		62	(2)
2.5 Awareness of language and language choice		64	(5)
2.5.1 What is metalinguistic awareness?		64	(1)
2.5.2 Bilingualism and metalinguistic awareness		65	(4)
2.6 Conclusion		69	(2)
3. A Study in Infant Bilingualism		71	(44)
3.0 Introduction		71	(1)
3.1 The place and the languages		71	(10)
3.1.1 Norway as a multicultural land		71	(5)
3.1.2 English in Norway		76	(2)
3.1.3 "The Norwegian language		78	(1)
3.1.4 Mothers and fathers as primary caregivers in American and Norwegian society		79	(2)
3.2 Research design		81	(9)
3.2.1 A case for the case study		81	(1)
3.2.2 Participants: search and selection		82	(4)
3.2.3 The children and their families		86	(4)
3.2.3.1 Siri		87	(2)
3.2.3.2 Tomas		89	(1)
3.3 Data collection		90	(11)
3.3.1 Types of data		91	(2)
3.3.2 Recording method and schedules		93	(4)
3.3.3 Summary evaluation of the data		97	(4)
3.4 The analysis		101	(2)
3.4.1 The transcript		101	(2)
3.4.2 The units of analysis		103	(1)
3.5 Language mixing or not: dealing with bilingual child language data		103	(11)
3.5.1 The problem of interpretation		103	(2)
3.5.2 The problem of language assignment		105	(2)
3.5.3 Phonological extensions and language mixing		107	(7)
3.6 Conclusion		114	(1)
4. Language Mixing by the Young Bilingual Child: Some Formal Aspects		115	(83)
4.0 Introduction		115	(1)
4.1 Do children have formal grammatical categories?		115	(8)
4.1.1 Are early categories semantic/pragmatic or syntactic in nature?		116	(4)
4.1.2 A transition from child grammar to adult grammar		120	(3)
4.2 Linguistic units		123	(4)
4.2.1 Utterances and mixed utterances		123	(1)
4.2.2 Units in the child's system, and lexical and grammatical morphemes		124	(3)
4.3 The children's utterances with lexical and grammatical morphemes		127	(8)
4.4 Formal categories of mixes and dominance		135	(41)
4.4.1 Directionality of mixing as an indicator of dominance		136	(27)
4.4.1.1 English verb + Norwegian suffix		138	(5)
4.4.1.2 English noun + Norwegian suffix		143	(5)
4.4.1.3 Norwegian modal auxiliary + English verb		148	(1)
4.4.1.4 Norwegian determiner + English noun		149	(2)
4.4.1.5 Norwegian pronouns and English pronouns		151	(6)
4.4.1.6 Negation		157	(3)
4.4.1.7 Mixing of other closed class items		160	(3)
4.4.1.8 Tomas's mixed utterances		163	(1)
4.4.2 Blends		163	(4)
4.4.3 Language-specific word order		167	(2)
4.4.4 Discussion		169	(7)
4.5 Formal categories of mixes and code-switching		176	(20)
4.5.1 Postulated constraints on intra-sentential code-switching		177	(1)
4.5.2 Code-switching, dominance or borrowing?		178	(18)
4.5.2.1 Distribution of bilingual children's mixed items by word class		179	(7)
4.5.2.2 Bilingual children's mixing and the Matrix Language Frame Model		186	(7)
4.5.2.3 Discussion		193	(3)
4.6 Conclusion		196	(2)
5. Language Choice by the Young Bilingual Child: Form and Function in Discourse		198	(50)
5.0 Introduction		198	(1)
5.1 Language choice in conversational discourse		198	(7)
5.1.1 Assumption of discourse analysis		199	(1)
5.1.2 The unit of speech: the turn at talk		200	(5)
5.2 Siri's language choice: a developmental perspective		205	(29)
5.2.1 Siri's turns at talk: an overview		205	(3)
5.2.2 Siri's choice of English, Norwegian, and mixed utterances		208	(5)
5.2.3 Mixed turns and non-mixed turns		213	(2)
5.2.4 Lexical vs. grammatical mixing		215	(5)
5.2.5 Siri's lexical mixing		220	(13)
5.2.6 Discussion		233	(1)
5.3 Tomas's language choice: a developmental perspective		234	(11)
5.3.1 Tomas's turns at talk: an overview		234	(1)
5.3.2 Tomas's choice of English, Norwegian, and mixed utterances		235	(3)
5.3.3 Tomas's use of English in discourse		238	(6)
5.3.4 Discussion		244	(1)
5.4 Conclusion		245	(3)
6. Language Mixing and Language Input: Parental Discourse Strategies		248	(70)
6.0 Introduction		248	(1)
6.1 Language input in language acquisition		248	(5)
6.1.1 Language input in first and second language acquisition		249	(1)
6.1.2 Language input in bilingual families		250	(3)
6.2 Language input and context		253	(7)
6.2.1 Definitions of context		253	(1)
6.2.2 The negotiation of context		254	(6)
6.3 Discourse context for language mixing		260	(12)
6.3.1 Parental discourse strategies towards child language mixing		260	(1)
6.3.2 A monolingual-bilingual context continuum		261	(8)
6.3.3 Discussion		269	(3)
6.4 Siri's language input		272	(31)
6.4.1 Siri's mother's discourse strategies towards mixing		272	(10)
6.4.2 Siri's discourse strategies towards mixing		282	(10)
6.4.3 Siri in triadic interactions with her parents		292	(9)
6.4.4 Discussion		301	(2)
6.5 Tomas's language input		303	(13)
6.5.1 Overview of language input in Tomas's home		303	(1)
6.5.2 Tomas's mother discourse strategis towards mixing		304	(6)
6.5.3 Tomas's father's discourse strategies towards mixing		310	(4)
6.5.4 Tomas in triadic interactions with his parents		314	(1)
6.5.5 Discussion		315	(1)
6.6 Conclusion		316	(2)
7. Conclusion		318	(10)
7.0 Introduction		318	(1)
7.1 Summary of the major findings		318	(1)
7.2 More detailed summary of findings and their generality		319	(5)
7.3 Implications and directions for future research		324	(4)
Appendices		328	(34)
I. Description of Language Samples: Siri and Tomas		328	(3)
II. Siri: Mixed Utterances		331	(16)
III. Tomas: Mixed Utterances		347	(2)
IV. Consent Form		349	(1)
V. Conventions for Transcribing Tapes		350	(4)
VI. Keeping a Diary of a Bilingual Child's Language Development		354	(2)
VII. Extra Tables (not in the text)		356	(6)
References		362	(27)
Index		389