Table of Contents

Preface to the Twentieth Anniversity Edition ix

Preface xi

Acknowledgments xv

Introduction. America: A Dream or a Nightmare? 1

The Meeting of Malcolm and Martin 2

Integrationism and Nationalism in African-American Intellectual History 3

1 The Making of a Dreamer (1929-55) 19

2 The Making of a "Bad Nigger" (1925-52)

3 "I Have a Dream" (1955-64) 58

The Context of Martin's Vision 58

King and the American Dream 60

Pursuing the Dream: The Role of the Negro People 70

The American Dream and the Dream for the World 79

Birmingham and the March on Washington 80

After Washington 85

4 "I See a Nightmare" (1952-63) 89

The Context of Malcolm's Vision 89

Malcolm and Muhammad 91

Oppression and Justice 93

Unity, Self-knowledge, Self-love, Self-defense, and Separation 105

America as a Nightmare 111

5 "We Must Love Our White Brothers" 120

The Impact of King's Faith and Theology upon His Dream 121

King's Impact upon the American Churches 135

6 "White Man's Heaven is a Black Man's Hell" 151

The Impact of Malcolm's Faith and Theology upon His Nightmare 152

Malcolm's Exposition of Religions and Race 166

7 "Chickens Coming Home to Roost" (1964-65) 181

Break with Elijah Muhammad 183

Movement toward Martin 192

8 "Shattered Dreams" (1965-68) 213

The Struggle for the Ballot: End of the First Phase 215

The Second Phase: A Dream Shattered 221

Disenchantment with Whites 232

The Vietnam Crucible: Justice, Love, and Hope 235

9 Two Roads to Freedom 244

Complementing Each Other 246

Correcting Each Other 259

10 Nothing But Men 272

Sexism 273

Classism 280

11 Making Their Mark: Legacies 288

Culture 290

Politics 293

Critique of American Christianity 295

Qualities as Leaders 297

Self-criticism and Humility 300

Nonviolence and Self-defense 303

Militancy and Humor 304

Solidarity with the Masses 309

Link with Other Liberation Movements 311

12 Conclusion 315

Abbreviations 319

Notes 321

Index 353