Leviticus, Numbers

by Roy Gane

Overview

insight into how the Israelite’s story of covenant experience with God becomes our story today Leviticus and Numbers tell of an epic journey to freedom, while illuminating and challenging modern conceptions of God. Vivid imagery of rituals, laws addressing tough issues, and narratives ranging from exultant to gut-wrenching show what it means to interact with the Lord and how to live according to his holy principles as part of a redeemed community of faith.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780310873013
Publisher:	Zondervan
Publication date:	04/19/2011
Series:	NIV Application Commentary
Sold by:	Zondervan Publishing
Format:	eBook
Pages:	848
File size:	5 MB
Age Range:	18 Years

About the Author

Roy Gane (PhD, University of California, Berkeley) is professor of Hebrew Bible and ancient near eastern languages at the Theological Seminary of Andrews University. He is author of a number of scholarly articles and several books including God's Faulty Heroes (Review Herald, 1996-on the biblical book of Judges), Altar Call (Diadem, 1999-on the Israelite sanctuary services and their meaning for Christians), Ritual Dynamic Structure (Gorgias Press, 2004), Leviticus, Numbers (NIV Application Commentary; Zondervan, 2004), and Cult and Character: Purification Offerings, Day of Atonement, and Theodicy (Eisenbrauns, 2005), as well as the Leviticus portion of the Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary on the Old Testament (forthcoming). Dr. Gane and his wife, Connie Clark Gane, who is pursuing a Ph.D. in Mesopotamian archaeology at the University of California, Berkeley, have one daughter, Sarah Elizabeth.

Read an Excerpt

Leviticus 1:1
THE LORD CALLED to Moses and spoke to him from the Tent of Meeting. He said,
ORIGINAL MEANING
LEVITICUS CONTINUES THE STORY of Israel's epic journey to freedom in the Promised Land of Canaan. It may be regarded as a literary unit that comprises a book, but it belongs to the larger whole of the five books of Moses (Genesis to Deuteronomy). While most of Leviticus consists of laws, beginning with instructions for sacrificial rituals to be performed at the sanctuary, this legislation is placed within a narrative framework that picks up where the story of Exodus ends.
According to Exodus 19:1, the Israelites came to the Sinai Desert in the third month after they left Egypt. At the end of this book the tabernacle was set up 'on the first day of the first month in the second year' (40:17; emphasis supplied; cf. v. 2), that is, the second year after the Israelites had left Egypt. Numbers 1:1 begins exactly one month later---'on the first day of the second month of the second year' (emphasis supplied)---with the Israelites still in the Sinai Desert. So the basic chronological framework of the book of Leviticus, sandwiched between Exodus and Numbers, occupies only one month in the Sinai Desert.
We must allow for the possibility that some earlier and later materials may have been incorporated into Leviticus for topical reasons. Some instructions were delivered to Moses on Mount Sinai (7:38; 25:1; 26:46; 27:34), perhaps before the tabernacle was set up. Notice that Moses' last recorded trip up Mount Sinai was in Exodus 34. The blasphemer narrative, with its accompanying law-giving (Lev. 24:10--23), could have occurred at any time while the Israelites were camping in the desert. Even so, after the multi-millennial scope of Genesis and Exodus covering most of a century, Leviticus presents a mighty concentrated dose of divine revelation!
Confirming that Leviticus is intended as the next volume in a series, its first verse is a grammatical and structural continuation of the last few verses of Exodus. In Hebrew its first word is a waw consecutive form in which waw ('and') is prefixed to a verb meaning 'call.' So we can render literally: 'And he called....' It is true that an initial waw can simply be stylistic, without indicating that anything has gone before. However, real continuity in this case is confirmed by the fact that 1:1 completes a literary structure that begins in Exodus.
We discover the structure that binds Exodus and Leviticus together by looking for a parallel to the first three words of Leviticus: wayyiqra, ,el Mosheh ('And he called to Moses'). This search is easy to execute with a Bible software program. The only other verse in the Hebrew Bible containing exactly the same words, including the same verb form, is Exodus 24:16: 'and the glory of the LORD settled on Mount Sinai. For six days the cloud covered the mountain, and on the seventh day the LORD5 called to Moses [wayyiqra, ,el Mosheh] from within the cloud.' Here 'the LORD' (yhwh, the personal name of Israel's God) calls to Moses from his glory cloud at the summit of Mount Sinai in order to give him directions for constructing the tabernacle and instituting its priesthood (Ex. 25--31). Similarly, in Leviticus 1:1 the Lord calls to Moses from the 'Tent of Meeting' (i.e., the tabernacle) to communicate instructions for ritual activities to be performed at the tabernacle (Lev. 1--7). The parallel is striking.
The parallel becomes more striking if we take into account the verses immediately before Leviticus 1:1 (i.e., Ex. 40:34--38). At the very end of Exodus, after the tabernacle has been built according to plan and Moses has finished setting it up (chs. 35--40), the Lord's cloud covers it and his glory fills it. So the divine cloud and glory have moved from 'settling' (shkn) on Mount Sinai (Ex. 24:16) to 'settling' (40:35, also shkn) over God's 'tabernacle' (mishkan, 'place of settling/dwelling'), in which the ark of the covenant contains a copy of the law proclaimed on Mount Sinai (25:16, 21; 40:20). This climactic moment signals a transition from one phase of Israel's story to the next.
Now the sanctuary, rather than Mount Sinai, is the place of theophany and therefore the legislative capitol of the nation, from where the Lord calls to Moses. Because it is there, over the ark and between its two cherubim in the Most Holy Place, that the Lord promises to meet (Niphal of y<d) with Moses and give him commands for the Israelites (Ex. 25:22; cf. Num. 7:89), the sanctuary is called the 'Tent of Meeting [mo<ed, also from root y<d]' (Ex. 40:34--35; Lev. 1:1).
Now notice the way in which the section Exodus 40:34--Leviticus 1:1 parallels the order in Exodus 24:16:
The cloud covered [ksh] Mount Sinai (Ex. 24:16a)
And he [the LORD] called (qr,) to Moses (Ex. 24:16b)
The cloud covered [ksh] the 'Tent of Meeting' (Ex. 40:34--38)
And he [the LORD] called [qr,] to Moses (Lev. 1:1)
This literary parallel is tight in that it involves repetition of specific Hebrew words (ksh, 'cover'; qr,, 'call') and a unique combination of words (wayyiqra, ,el Mosheh, 'And he called to Moses'). So Exodus 40:34--Leviticus 1:1 is clearly a structural unit that is meant to be read in light of Exodus 24:16. Now here is the punch line: the Exodus 40:34--Leviticus 1:1 unit crosses the boundary between the two books and thus structurally binds them together. It is obvious that the rituals prescribed in Leviticus require the sanctuary that is described and set up in Exodus. However, the parallel that we have found between the introductions to instructions for (1) setting up the sanctuary and its priesthood (Ex. 25--31) and (2) performing sanctuary rituals (Lev. 1--7) shows that these two major bodies of legislation, seven chapters each, are placed in literary parallel to each other. This fact underlines the essential way in which their respective contents complement each other.
BRIDGING CONTEXTS
TRANSFORMATION. ISRAEL'S TRANSFORMATION from slaves to God's holy people is part of a larger saga that begins in Genesis with the stories of creation, the Flood, and God's promise to make of Abraham a great nation of countless descendants through whom he will reveal himself to the world as the Source of all blessing (Gen. 12:1--2; 15:5; 17:5--6; 22:17--18; 28:14). Where Leviticus ends, the book of Numbers carries on. So while the whole of Leviticus constitutes a book, it has an inter- dependent relationship with the preceding and following books of the Pentateuch.
In spite of the many obstacles recounted in Genesis and Exodus, Abraham's descendants did multiply and the Lord brought their multitudes from slavery as he had promised (Ex. 12--15; cf. Gen. 15:13--16). God had promised them the land of Canaan (Gen. 15:18--21; 17:7--8), but it was at Mount Sinai that he made a nation out of this motley crew. There he gave them a national constitution (his law) and a portable capitol (the tabernacle). He taught them how to live as one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. This was not legalism or ritualism. It was survival as a people, and only as one people could they survive. Without the God of Abraham to hold them together, they would splinter, scatter, be vanquished, and vanish.
The laws given in Exodus (esp. chs. 20--23) were important, but it was the sanctuary that was to be the 'nuclear power plant,' energizing the Israelites' faith and thereby transforming them into a potent, unified channel of divine revelation. While the physical structure of the sanctuary was crucial (chs. 25-- 31; 35--40), it was the resident Presence of God that made the place powerful, and it was through dynamic interaction with him in worship that the Israelites accessed his holy power.
This is where Leviticus comes in.

Table of Contents

Contents 9 Series Introduction 13 General Editor’s Preface 15 Author’s Preface 17 Abbreviations 23 Introduction to Leviticus 37 Outline of Leviticus 43 Select Bibliography on Leviticus 51 Text and Commentary on Leviticus 471 Introduction to Numbers 481 Outline of Numbers 487 Select Bibliography on Numbers 491 Text and Commentary on Numbers 807 Scripture Index 830 Subject Index 841 Author Index 846 Ancient Literature Index