Passive Optical Components For Optical Fiber Transmission

by Norio Kashima

Overview

Focusing on connection technologies used for both single-mode and multimode fibers, this book explains multifiber connections such as mass-fusion splice and multifiber connectors. Information on fluoride glass fibers, doped fibers (EDFA), and components is included.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780890067758
Publisher:	Artech House, Incorporated
Publication date:	02/01/1995

Table of Contents

	Preface	xiii
Part I	Basic Technologies	1
Chapter 1	Introduction to Passive Optical Components	3
1.1	Optical-Fiber Transmission Systems	3
1.1.1	History of Fiber Transmission	3
1.1.2	Optical-Fiber Transmission	4
1.1.3	Optical Trunk System	7
1.1.4	Optical Subscriber Loop System	7
1.1.5	Optical Cable Television System	7
1.1.6	Optical LAN System	10
1.2	Optical Fiber and Cable	11
1.2.1	Classification of Optical Fiber	11
1.2.2	Fiber Fabrication Method	16
1.2.3	Optical-Fiber Cable	18
1.3	Passive Optical Components and Their Application	20
1.3.1	Classification of Passive Optical Components	20
1.3.2	Mathematical Representation of Passive Optical Components	24
1.3.3	Application for Fiber Transmission	26
1.4	Requirements for Passive Optical Components	30
	References	31
Chapter 2	Characteristics of Optical Fibers	33
2.1	Transmission Characteristics of Fibers	33
2.1.1	Basic Equations for Fiber Transmission Characteristics	33
2.1.2	Optical Loss of a Fiber	35
2.2	Transmission Characteristics of Single-Mode Fibers	37
2.2.1	Mode Field of Single-Mode Fiber	37
2.2.2	Dispersion of Single-Mode Fiber	42
2.3	Transmission Characteristics of Multimode Fibers	46
2.3.1	Mode Number and Loss Characteristics	46
2.3.2	Modal Dispersion and Baseband Characteristics	50
2.3.3	Mode Conversion	51
2.4	Mechanical Characteristics	54
	References	55
Chapter 3	Transmission Characteristics of Passive Optical Components	57
3.1	Connection Loss	57
3.1.1	Connection Loss in Single-Mode Fibers	58
3.1.2	Connection Loss in Multimode Fibers	62
3.2	Mode Conversion by Connection in Multimode Fibers	65
3.2.1	Experimental Investigation of Mode Conversion	65
3.2.2	Theoretical Investigation of Mode Conversion	67
3.2.3	Influence of Fiber Structure on Connection Loss	76
3.2.4	Loss Properties for Connections in Cascade	77
3.2.5	Modal Noise Caused by Connection	79
3.3	Reflection Properties and Influence	80
3.3.1	Reflection Properties of Fusion Splices	80
3.3.2	Reflection Properties of Connectors	83
3.3.3	Low-Reflection Techniques	86
3.3.4	Influence of Reflection	88
	References	90
Chapter 4	Measurements for Passive Optical Components	93
4.1	Fiber Parameter Measurements	94
4.1.1	Single-Mode Fiber Parameter Measurements	94
4.1.2	Multimode Fiber Parameter Measurements	95
4.2	Loss Measurement	99
4.2.1	Cutback and Insertion Methods	99
4.2.2	Backscattering Method	105
4.2.3	Wavelength-Dependent Loss Measurement	110
4.3	Baseband Frequency and Chromatic Dispersion Measurement	111
4.3.1	Baseband Frequency Measurement in Multimode Fiber Systems	111
4.3.2	Chromatic Dispersion Measurement in Single-Mode Fiber Systems	114
4.4	Reflection Properties Measurement	116
4.5	Fiber Endface Quality Measurement	118
4.6	Optical Crosstalk Measurement	119
4.7	Fault Location and Diagnosis Measurement	120
	References	125
Part II	Simple Connection	129
Chapter 5	Fusion Splicing by Discharge	131
5.1	Outline and History of Fusion Splicing	131
5.2	Fiber-Cutting and Prefusion Method	136
5.3	High-Frequency Discharge With High-Voltage Trigger Method	139
5.3.1	AC Discharge Properties	139
5.3.2	HHT Method	146
5.3.3	Characteristics of High-Frequency Discharge	149
5.4	Fiber-Alignment Method	151
5.5	Surface Tension Effect	156
5.6	Uniform Heating for Mass-Fusion Splice	157
5.6.1	Uniform Heating With Two Pairs of Electrodes	157
5.6.2	Uniform Heating Using High-Frequency Discharge	158
5.7	Protection	160
5.8	Fusion-Splicing Machine	163
	References	164
Chapter 6	Fusion Splicing Using Gas Laser and Flame	167
6.1	Fusion Splicing Using Gas Laser	167
6.2	Fusion Splicing Using a Flame	169
	References	170
Chapter 7	Mechanical and Adhesive-Bonded Splices	173
7.1	Outline of Mechanical and Adhesive-Bonded Splices	173
7.2	Mechanical Splice	175
7.2.1	Silicon	175
7.2.2	Plastic	178
7.2.3	Glass	178
7.2.4	Other Materials	179
7.3	Adhesive-Bonded Splice	180
7.3.1	Plastics	180
7.3.2	Glass	181
7.3.3	Metal	182
	References	182
Chapter 8	Optical Connectors	185
8.1	Outline of Optical Connector	185
8.2	Single-Fiber Connectors	189
8.3	Array-Fiber Connectors	192
8.4	2D-Fiber Connectors	198
8.5	Centering Effect	199
8.5.1	Centering Effects in Ferrule-Type Single-Fiber Connectors	199
8.5.2	Theory of Connection Loss in Ferrule-Type Single-Mode Connectors	201
8.5.3	Centering Effect in Array-Fiber Connectors	206
	References	207
Chapter 9	Fiber Connection of Special Fibers	209
9.1	Connection of Polarization-Maintaining Fiber	209
9.1.1	Fusion Splice of PANDA Fibers	210
9.1.2	Connectors and Mechanical Splices of Polarization-Maintaining Fibers	216
9.2	Connection of Fluoride Glass Fiber	216
9.3	Connection of Erbium-Doped Fiber	217
9.3.1	Taper Splicing Method (Down-Tapering)	219
9.3.2	Up-Tapering Method	220
9.3.3	TEC Method	220
	References	221
Part III	Component With Function	223
Chapter 10	Optical Coupler and Branch	225
10.1	Directional Coupler	225
10.1.1	Scattering Matrix and Classification	225
10.1.2	Coupled-Wave Equation	228
10.1.3	Directional Couplers With a Rectangular Core	232
10.1.4	Examples of Directional Couplers	234
10.2	Y-Branch	244
10.3	Star Coupler	245
	References	250
Chapter 11	Optical Filters	253
11.1	WDM Filter	254
11.1.1	Bulk-Type WDM Filter	254
11.1.2	Fiber-Type WDM Filter	263
11.1.3	Waveguide-Type WDM Filter	268
11.1.4	Waveguide-Type N [times] N WDM Filter	272
11.2	OFDM Filter	273
11.2.1	Fabry-Perot Interferometer-Type Filter	273
11.2.2	Mach-Zehnder Interferometer-Type Filter	277
11.2.3	Ring Resonator-Type Filter	279
11.3	Band-Rejection Filters and Bragg Reflectors	281
11.4	Optical Signal-Processing Filter	284
	References	287
Chapter 12	Attenuators, Isolators, and Circulators	291
12.1	Optical Attenuators	291
12.2	Optical Isolators	293
12.3	Optical Circulators	299
12.4	Fiber-Type Polarizers	302
	References	304
Chapter 13	Optical Mechanical Switch	307
13.1	General Aspects of Optical Mechanical Switches	307
13.1.1	Application and Classification of Optical Switches	307
13.1.2	Characteristics of Optical Mechanical Switches	311
13.2	1 [times] 1 Mechanical Switch (ON/OFF Switch)	312
13.3	1 [times] N Mechanical Switch	314
13.3.1	1 [times] 2 Fiber-Moving-Type Switch	314
13.3.2	1 [times] N Fiber-Moving-Type Switch	316
13.3.3	1 [times] 2 Optical-Component-Moving-Type Switch	318
13.4	N [times] M Mechanical Switch (Matrix Switch)	320
13.4.1	N [times] M Fiber-Moving-Type Switch	320
13.4.2	N [times] M Optical-Component-Moving-Type Switch	323
	References	324
Chapter 14	Future Technology	325
14.1	Fiber and Cable Connection	325
14.2	Optical Signal Processing and Optical Interconnection	328
14.3	Integrated Passive Optical Circuits	330
	References	330
	About the Author	331
	Index	333

Editorial Reviews

Very readable and deserves a place on the bookshelf of all engineers working in this field.

Glass Technology

For field engineers, system designers, technical managers, students, and manufacturers who are interested in passive optical components such as fiber connections, optical filters, couplers, and switches. Although the passive optical components used for both single-mode and multimode fibers are covered, those for single-mode fibers are emphasized. In Part I, optical-fiber transmission systems, characteristics of optical fibers, coupling loss, reflection properties, and measurement methods are explained. In Part II, simple connection components such as splices and connectors are treated. In the third and final part, components with some functions, such as coupler, filter, and switch are treated. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

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