1 | Basic Modes of Heat Transfer | 1 |
1.1 | The Relation of Heat Transfer to Thermodynamics | 1 |
1.2 | Heat Conduction | 4 |
1.3 | Convection | 17 |
1.4 | Radiation | 21 |
1.5 | Combined Heat Transfer Systems | 24 |
1.6 | Thermal Insulation | 41 |
1.7 | Heat Transfer and the Law of Energy Conservation | 47 |
1.8 | Dimensions and Units | 53 |
1.9 | Closing Remarks | 57 |
| References | 58 |
| Problems | 59 |
2 | Heat Conduction | 73 |
2.1 | Introduction | 73 |
2.2 | The Conduction Equation | 74 |
2.3 | Steady Heat Conduction in Simple Geometries | 80 |
2.4 | Extended Surfaces | 95 |
2.5 | Multidimensional Steady Conduction | 106 |
2.6 | Transient Heat Conduction | 116 |
2.7 | Charts for Transient Heat Conduction | 134 |
2.8 | Closing Remarks | 150 |
| References | 151 |
| Problems | 152 |
3 | Numerical Analysis of Heat Conduction | 171 |
3.1 | Introduction | 171 |
3.2 | One-Dimensional Steady Conduction | 172 |
3.3 | One-Dimensional Unsteady Conduction | 184 |
3.4 | Two-Dimensional Unsteady and Steady Conduction | 199 |
3.5 | Cylindrical Coordinates | 216 |
3.6 | Irregular Boundaries | 218 |
3.7 | Closing Remarks | 222 |
| References | 223 |
| Problems | 223 |
4 | Analysis of Convection Heat Transfer | 233 |
4.1 | Introduction | 233 |
4.2 | Convection Heat Transfer | 233 |
4.3 | Boundary-Layer Fundamentals | 236 |
4.4 | Conservation of Mass, Momentum, and Energy for Laminar Flow over a Flat Plate | 238 |
4.5 | Dimensionless Boundary-Layer Equations and Similarity Parameters | 242 |
4.6 | Evaluation of Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients | 246 |
4.7 | Dimensional Analysis | 247 |
4.8 | Analytic Solution for Laminar Boundary-Layer Flow over a Flat Plate | 255 |
4.9 | Approximate Integral Boundary-Layer Analysis | 264 |
4.10 | Analogy Between Momentum and Heat Transfer in Turbulent Flow over a Flat Surface | 270 |
4.11 | Reynolds Analogy for Turbulent Flow over Plane Surfaces | 276 |
4.12 | Mixed Boundary Layer | 277 |
4.13 | Special Boundary Conditions and High-Speed Flow | 280 |
4.14 | Closing Remarks | 285 |
| References | 287 |
| Problems | 288 |
5 | Natural Convection | 301 |
5.1 | Introduction | 301 |
5.2 | Similarity Parameters for Natural Convection | 303 |
5.3 | Empirical Correlation for Various Shapes | 312 |
5.4 | Rotating Cylinders, Disks, and Spheres | 327 |
5.5 | Combined Forced and Natural Convection | 329 |
5.6 | Finned Surfaces | 333 |
5.7 | Closing Remarks | 338 |
| References | 343 |
| Problems | 345 |
6 | Forced Convection Inside Tubes and Ducts | 355 |
6.1 | Introduction | 355 |
6.2 | Analysis of Laminar Forced Convection in a Long Tube | 365 |
6.3 | Correlations for Laminar Forced Convection | 375 |
6.4 | Analogy Between Heat and Momentum Transfer in Turbulent Flow | 389 |
6.5 | Empirical Correlations for Turbulent Forced Convection | 393 |
6.6 | Forced Convection and Cooling of Electronic Devices | 404 |
6.7 | Closing Remarks | 407 |
| References | 410 |
| Problems | 412 |
7 | Forced Convection over Exterior Surfaces | 421 |
7.1 | Flow over Bluff Bodies | 421 |
7.2 | Cylinders, Spheres, and Other Bluff Shapes | 423 |
7.3 | Packed Beds | 441 |
7.4 | Tube Bundles in Cross-Flow | 445 |
7.5 | Free Jets | 460 |
7.6 | Closing Remarks | 471 |
| References | 473 |
| Problems | 475 |
8 | Heat Exchangers | 485 |
8.1 | Introduction | 485 |
8.2 | Basic Types of Heat Exchangers | 485 |
8.3 | Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient | 493 |
8.4 | Log Mean Temperature Difference | 497 |
8.5 | Heat Exchanger Effectiveness | 504 |
8.6 | Heat Transfer Enhancement | 514 |
8.7 | Closing Remarks | 522 |
| References | 524 |
| Problems | 525 |
9 | Heat Transfer by Radiation | 539 |
9.1 | Thermal Radiation | 539 |
9.2 | Blackbody Radiation | 541 |
9.3 | Radiation Properties | 553 |
9.4 | The Radiation Shape Factor | 571 |
9.5 | Enclosures with Black Surfaces | 581 |
9.6 | Enclosures with Gray Surfaces | 585 |
9.7 | Matrix Inversion | 591 |
9.8 | Radiation Properties of Gases and Vapors | 603 |
9.9 | Radiation Combined with Convection and Conduction | 612 |
9.10 | Closing Remarks | 616 |
| References | 617 |
| Problems | 618 |
10 | Heat Transfer with Phase Change | 627 |
10.1 | Introduction to Boiling | 627 |
10.2 | Pool Boiling | 627 |
10.3 | Boiling in Forced Convection | 649 |
10.4 | Condensation | 663 |
10.5 | Condenser Design | 673 |
10.6 | Heat Pipes | 674 |
10.7 | Freezing and Melting | 687 |
| References | 692 |
| Problems | 695 |
Appendix 1 | The International System of Units | 3 |
Appendix 2 | Tables | 6 |
| Properties of Solids | 7 |
| Thermodynamic Properties of Liquids | 14 |
| Heat Transfer Fluids | 23 |
| Liquid Metals | 24 |
| Thermodynamic Properties of Gases | 26 |
| Miscellaneous Properties, Computer Codes, and Error Function | 37 |
| Correlation Equations for Physical Properties | 46 |
Appendix 3 | Tridiagonal Matrix Computer Program | 51 |
Appendix 4 | The Heat Transfer Literature | 54 |
Appendix 5 | Mathcad Problems | 55 |
| Index | 1 |