Table of Contents
Preface ix
Introduction 3
Quantitative Models in Psychology 4
Are Models Always Realistic? 5
This Book 6
I Models of Inference 11
1 Preliminary Concepts in Inference 13
The Problem of Error 14
Binomial Distributions 16
The Sampling Distribution of the Mean 22
The t Distribution 29
Conclusion 33
2 Significance Testing 35
Fisher's Model 36
Fleshing Out the Model 39
The Good, the Bad, and the Alternative 54
Conclusion 55
3 Null Hypothesis Significance Testing 57
The Decision Matrix 57
Controlling the Outcomes 61
The Good, the Bad, and the Alternative 69
Conclusion 72
4 Practical Issues in Null Hypothesis Significance Testing 73
Practical Power Analysis 75
The Significance Testing Controversy 79
Living With Significance Tests 83
Conclusion 89
5 Alternatives to Null Hypothesis Significance Testing 91
Interval Estimation 92
Meta-Analysis 99
Bayesian Methods 107
Conclusion 121
II Models of Measurement 123
6 Models of Measurement Error 125
True-Score Theory 126
Validity Theory 140
Conclusion 148
7 Latent-Variable Models 149
Factor Analysis 152
Structural Equation Modeling 163
Item Response Theory 164
Categorical Latent-Variable Models 170
Conclusion 174
III Structural Modeling 177
8 Preliminary Concepts in Structural Modeling 179
Formal Classification of Variables 180
Practical Classification of Variables 185
Exploratory Versus Confirmatory Modeling 188
Conclusion 189
9 Modeling Psychological Phenomena 191
Modeling Variable Distributions 192
Modeling Two-Variable Relationships 194
Modeling Relationships With Three or More Variables 199
Conclusion 216
References 217
Index 231
About The Author 241
