Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations xiv
Introduction: Reading Thomas on Charity in the Summa of Theology Robert Miner 1
Summa of Theology, Secunda Secundae, Questions 23-46 on Charity, with the Opposed Vices, Precepts, and Gift
Question 23 Charity in Itself 21
Article 1 Whether charity is friendship 21
Article 2 Whether charity is something created in the soul 24
Article 3 Whether charity is a virtue 26
Article 4 Whether charity is a special virtue 28
Article 5 Whether charity is one virtue 30
Article 6 Whether charity is the most, excellent of the virtues 31
Article 7 Whether there can be any true virtue without charity 33
Article 8 Whether charity is the form of the virtues 36
Question 24 The Subject of Charity 38
Article 1 Whether the will is the subject of charity 38
Article 2 Whether charity is caused in us by infusion 40
Article 3 Whether charity is infused according to the quantity of natural things 41
Article 4 Whether charity can be increased 43
Article 5 Whether charity is increased by addition 45
Article 6 Whether charity is increased by any particular act of charity 48
Article 7 Whether charity is increased to infinity 49
Article 8 Whether charity can be completed in this life 51
Article 9 Whether three steps of charity are appropriately distinguished 53
Article 10 Whether charity can be decreased 55
Article 11 Whether charity once possessed can be lost 58
Article 12 Whether charity is lost by a single act of mortal sin 61
Question 25 The Object of Charity 65
Article 1 Whether the love of charity stops at God, or also extends to our neighbor 65
Article 2 Whether charity should be loved out of charity 67
Article 3 Whether even irrational creatures should be loved out of charity 69
Article 4 Whether a person loves himself out of charity 70
Article 5 Whether a person should love his own body out of charity 72
Article 6 Whether sinners should be loved out of charity 73
Article 7 Whether sinners love themselves 76
Article 8 Whether it is necessary for charity that enemies are loved 78
Article 9 Whether it is necessary for charity that a person show the signs or effects of love to his enemy 80
Article 10 Whether we should love the angels out of charity 82
Article 11 Whether we should love the demons out of charity 83
Article 12 Whether the four things that should be loved out of charity are inappropriately enumerated 85
Question 26 The Order of Charity 87
Article 1 Whether there is an order in charity 87
Article 2 Whether God should be loved more than one's neighbor 88
Article 3 Whether a person should out of charity love God more than himself 90
Article 4 Whether a person should out of charity love himself more than his neighbor 92
Article 5 Whether a person should love his neighbor more than his own body 94
Article 6 Whether one neighbor should be loved more than another 95
Article 7 Whether we should love our better neighbors more than our closely connected ones 97
Article 8 Whether one who is connected to us by carnal origin should be loved most of all 100
Article 9 Whether out of charity a person should love his child more than his father 102
Article 10 Whether a person should love his mother more than his father 104
Article 11 Whether a man should love his wife more than his father or mother 106
Article 12 Whether a person should love his benefactor more than his beneficiary 107
Article 13 Whether the order of charity remains in the homeland 109
Question 27 The Principal Act of Charity, Which Is Love 113
Article 1 What is more proper to charity, being loved or loving 113
Article 2 Whether loving, so far as it is charity's act, is nothing other than goodwill 115
Article 3 Whether God is loved out of charity on account of himself 117
Article 4 Whether in this life God can be loved without mediation 119
Article 5 Whether God can be loved wholly 121
Article 6 Whether in divine love some measure should be observed 122
Article 7 Whether loving an enemy is more meritorious than loving a friend 125
Article 8 Whether loving our neighbor is more meritorious than loving God 127
Question 28 On Joy 129
Article 1 Whether Joy is an effect of charity in us 129
Article 2 Whether the spiritual joy that is caused by charity receives an admixture of sorrow 131
Article 3 Whether the spiritual joy that is caused by charity can be full in us 132
Article 4 Whether joy is a virtue 134
Question 29 On Peace 137
Article 1 Whether peace is the same as concord 137
Article 2 Whether all things desire peace 139
Article 3 Whether peace is a proper effect of charity 141
Article 4 Whether peace is a virtue 143
Question 30 On Mercy 145
Article 1 Whether an evil is properly the motive of mercy 145
Article 2 Whether a defect on the part of the one who is merciful is the reason for being merciful 147
Article 3 Whether mercy is a virtue 149
Article 4 Whether mercy is the greatest of the virtues 152
Question 31 On Doing Good 154
Article 1 Whether doing good is an act of charity 154
Article 2 Whether good should be done to everyone 156
Article 3 Whether more good should be done to those who are more connected to us 157
Article 4 Whether doing good is a special virtue 160
Question 34 On Hatred 162
Article 1 Whether anyone can hate God 162
Article 2 Whether hatred of God is the greatest of sins 164
Article 3 Whether all hatred of one's neighbor is a sin 165
Article 4 Whether hatred of one's neighbor is the gravest of the sins that are committed against one's neighbor 167
Article 5 Whether hatred is a capital vice 168
Article 6 Whether hatred arises from envy 170
Question 35 On Acedia 173
Article 1 Whether acedia is a sin 173
Article 2 Whether acedia is a special vice 176
Article 3 Whether acedia is a mortal sin 177
Article 4 Whether acedia should be set down as a capital vice 179
Question 36 On Envy 183
Article 1 Whether envy is sorrow 183
Article 2 Whether envy is a sin 185
Article 3 Whether envy is a mortal sin 188
Article 4 Whether envy is a capital vice 190
Question 37 On Discord 193
Article 1 Whether discord is a sin 193
Article 2 Whether discord is the daughter of vainglory 195
Question 38 On Contention 198
Article 1 Whether contention is a mortal sin 198
Article 2 Whether contention is the daughter of vainglory 201
Question 39 On Schism 203
Article 1 Whether schism is a special sin 203
Article 2 Whether schism is a graver sin than faithlessness 205
Article 3 Whether schismatics have any power 208
Article 4 Whether it is appropriate to punish schismatics by excommunication 210
Question 40 On War 212
Article 1 Whether to make war is always a sin 212
Article 2 Whether it is lawful for clerics and bishops to fight 215
Article 3 Whether in wars it is lawful to lay ambushes 218
Article 4 Whether it is lawful to make war on feast days 219
Question 41 On Quarreling 221
Article 1 Whether quarreling is always a sin 221
Article 2 Whether quarreling is the daughter of anger 223
Question 42 On Sedition 226
Article 1 Whether sedition is a special sin, distinct from other sins 226
Article 2 Whether sedition is always a mortal sin 227
Question 43 On Scandal 230
Article 1 Whether scandal is inappropriately defined as "something said or done less rightly, bringing an occasion of ruin." 230
Article 2 Whether scandal is a sin 233
Article 3 Whether scandal is a special sin 235
Article 4 Whether scandal is a mortal sin 237
Article 5 Whether passive scandal can fall upon even those who are perfect 238
Article 6 Whether active scandal can be found in perfect men 240
Article 7 Whether spiritual goods should be given up on account of scandal 241
Article 8 Whether temporal things; should be given up on account of scandal 245
Question 44 The Precepts of Charity 248
Article 1 Whether a precept should be given about charity 248
Article 2 Whether two precepts should have been given 250
Article 3 Whether two precepts of charity suffice 252
Article 4 Whether it is appropriately commanded that God should be loved with one's whole heart 254
Article 5 Whether it is appropriately added "and with your whole soul and with your whole strength," etc 256
Article 6 Whether this precept about the love of God can be kept in via 257
Article 7 Whether the precept about the love of one's neighbor is given appropriately 259
Article 8 Whether the order of charity falls under a precept 261
Question 45 The Gift of Wisdom 263
Article 1 Whether wisdom should be counted among the gifts of the Holy Spirit 263
Article 2 Whether wisdom is in the intellect, as in its subject 265
Article 3 Whether wisdom is only speculative, or also practical 267
Article 4 Whether wisdom can be without grace, and with mortal sin 269
Article 5 Whether wisdom is in everyone who has grace 270
Article 6 Whether the Seventh Beatitude corresponds to the gift of wisdom 272
Question 46 On Folly, Which Is Opposed to Wisdom 276
Article 1 Whether folly is opposed to wisdom 276
Article 2 Whether folly is a sin 278
Article 3 Whether folly is the daughter of lust 279
Essays
Some Paradoxes in Teaching Charity Mark D. Jordan 283
Disagreeing in Charity: Learning from Thomas Aquinas Robert Miner 299
Is Charity the Holy Spirit? The Development of Aquinas's Disagreement with Peter Lombard Dominic Doyle 313
Dominic Doyle Righteousness and Divine Love: Maimonides and Thomas on Charity Jeffrey A. Bernstein 336
Grace-Perfected Nature: The Interior Effect of Charity in Joy, Peace, and Mercy Shenl Overmyer 355
Works Cited 373
Scriptural Citations 374
Nonscriptural Citations 384
