Table of Contents
Introduction x
Chapter 1 Socialism 1
Origins 3
Utopian Socialism 6
Other Early Socialists 8
Marxian Socialism 10
Other Types of Communism 13
Revisionism and Revolution 15
Socialism in the Era of World War 20
Postwar Socialism 22
Socialism After Communism 25
Chapter 2 Communism 29
Historical Background 30
Marxian Communism 33
Historical Materialism 34
Critique of Capitalism 35
Revolution and Communism 38
Friedrich Engels 38
Revisionism 40
Bolshevism: Lenin's Revolutionary Commmunism 42
The Russian Revolution 44
Stalinism 45
Chinese Communism 48
Non-Marxian Communism 50
Chapter 3 Communism in the Soviet Union 52
The Russian Revolution 52
Late Tsarist Russia 53
The February Revolution 53
The Bolshevik Coup 55
The Bolshevik Dictatorship 55
Empress Alexandra 56
Lenin's Disillusionment 59
The Struggle for Succession 60
The Stalin Era 61
Role in World War II 62
Last Years 64
The Krushchev Era 65
The Transition 66
Last Years 69
The Brezhnev Era 70
Collective Leadership 70
Brezhnev and Soviet Culture 70
Nationality Policy 73
The Interregnum: Andropov and Chernenko 74
Yury Vladimirovich Andropov 76
The Gorbachev Era 77
Gorbachev's Succession 77
Economic and Social Reforms 79
Political Restructuring 81
Economic Policy 85
Foreign Policy 89
The Attempted Coup 92
Chapter 4 Communism in the Eastern Bloc 96
Communism in East Germany 96
Allied Occupation and the Formation of the Two Germanys, 1945-49 97
Nürnberg Trials 100
Formation of the Federal Republic of Germany 103
Formation of the German Democratic Republic 105
Political Consolidation and Economic Growth, 1949-69 107
Ostpolitik and Reconciliation, 1969-89 111
The Reunification of Germany 114
The Berlin Wall 115
Communist Poland 119
Pope John Paul II 123
Communism in the Balkans 125
Questions of Federation 125
Establishing the Power of the Party 127
Pulling Back from Moscow 128
Economic Collapse and Nationalist Resurgence 131
Chapter 5 Communism in China 140
Riots and Protests 140
The Chinese Communist Party 142
Communist-Nationalist Cooperation 142
Reactions to Warlords and Foreigners 144
The Nationalist Government from 1928 to 1937 146
Japanese Aggression 147
The Sino-Japenese War 148
Civil War (1945-49) 149
A Race for Territory 149
Attempts to End the War 151
Resumption of Fighting 153
The Decisive Year, 1948 156
Communist Victory 158
Establishment of the People's Republic 160
Mao Zedong 162
Early Years 163
The Transition to Socialism 166
Political Developments 167
New Directions in National Policy, 1958-61 171
Readjustment and Reaction, 1961-65 173
The Cultural Revolution, 1966-76 178
China After the Death of Mao 179
International Relations 180
Chapter 6 Communism in Southeast Asia 181
Patterns of a Colonial Age 181
Struggle for Independence 183
Defining New States and Societies 186
Reappearance of Regional Interests 189
Movements of National Liberation in Vietnam 189
Modern Nationalism 190
Vietnamese Communism 191
World War II and Independence 193
Ho Chi Minh 194
The First Indochina War 196
The Two Vietnams (1954-65) 198
The Second Indochina War 200
Growing U.S. Involvement in the War 201
Withdrawal of U.S. Troops 203
Reunification and Early Challenges 204
Vietnam Since c. 1990 207
Communism in Cambodia 209
French Rule 209
World War II and Its Aftermath 211
Independence 213
Civil War 216
Democratic Kampuchea 217
Vietnamese Intervention 219
Cambodia Since 1990 220
Chapter 7 Communism in Latin America 224
Good Neighbor Polity and World War II 225
Economic Agenda and Patterns of Growth 227
Developments in Social Policy 231
The United States and Latin America in the Cold War Era 231
Impact of the Cuban Revolution 233
Fidel Castro 234
Hugo Chavez and New Socialism 242
Movement Toward Democracy 246
Conclusion 248
Glossary 250
Bibliography 253
Index 259
