Table of Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xix
Introduction 3
Defining Religion, Spirituality, and the Sacred 4
Who Should Read This Book 5
What Is in This Book 6
Conclusion 6
Chapter 1 Religion-Spirituality in the Practice and Science of Psychology 9
Most Americans Are Religious, Spiritual, or Both 10
Most Psychologists Are Not Spiritual or Religious 10
"The Times They Are a-Changin'" 13
Methodological Issues in Research on Religion and Health 16
Mental Health Associations With Religion-Spirituality 18
Negative Outcomes in Religion-Health Studies 26
Conclusion 27
Chapter 2 Thirteen Tools From Religious-Spiritual Thought: Definitions and Philosophical Grounding 29
A Philosophical Perspective: Common Questions of Faith 30
Internal and External Benefits of Tending the Spirit 32
Thirteen Tools for Your Psychotherapeutic Toolbox 33
Ethical and Cultural Considerations 42
Conclusion 45
Chapter 3 Assessment Issues 47
What Therapists Are Trying to Assess 48
How Therapists Assess Religion-Spirituality 54
Conclusion 45
Chapter 4 Internal Religious-Spiritual Tools 65
Spiritually and Psychologically Minded Services 66
Implicit and Explicit Approaches to Psychotherapy 67
Problems Clinicians May Bring to Psychotherapy When Integrating Religious-Spiritual Tools 68
Tools for Nurturing Individual Spiritual Growth 69
Using Internal Tools in Integration: A Case Example 80
Conclusion 81
Chapter 5 External and Other Religious-Spiritual Tools 83
Tools for Nurturing External Engagement and Acceptance 84
Using External and Other Tools in Integration 100
Conclusion 102
Chapter 6 Five Ethical Values to Guide Professional Behavior 103
Respect,Responsibility, Integrity, Competence, and Concern 104
Conclusion 114
Chapter 7 Special Circumstances: Seven Types of Clients 115
Working With Clients Who Are Very Religious 116
Working With Clients Who Are Not Religious 118
Working With Clients Outside One's Religious Tradition 120
Working With Clients Within One's Religious Tradition 121
Working With Clients Victimized by Their Religious Leaders or Community 123
Working With Clients Who Feel Damaged by Their Religious Tradition 125
Working With Clients With Destructive Religious Views and Behaviors 127
Conclusion 129
Chapter 8 Consultation With Religious Professionals: An Often-Overlooked Tool 131
Why Clergy and Therapists Should Consult Each Other 132
How Clergy and Therapists Should Collaborate 135
Typical Problems in Clergy-Mental Health Consultation 139
Cultivating a Successful Consultative Relationship With Clergy 142
Conclusion 145
Chapter 9 Best Practices in Action 147
12-Step Programs 149
Biopsychosocial Approaches 151
Manualized Religiously-Spiritually Integrated Psychotherapy Programs 151
The Eight-Point Program: An Integrative Approach to Spirituality and Psychotherapy 154
Using Religious-Spiritual Tools to Enhance Psychotherapy: Extended Case Examples 157
When Interventions Do Not Work 172
Conclusion 173
Chapter 10 Next Steps: Focused Research and Training 175
Maximizing the Success of Research 176
Training the Next Generation of Scholars and Clinicians 179
Future Directions 181
Additional Resources 183
Appendix Assessment 201
References 213
Index 231
About the Author 241
