Strategies for Sustainable Financing of Secondary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa

by Keith M. Lewin

Overview

Investment in secondary schooling in Sub-Saharan Africa has been neglected since the World Conference on Education for All at Jomtien. The World Education Forum at Dakar began to recognize the growing importance of post-primary schooling for development. Only 25 percent of school-age children attend secondary school in the region--and fewer complete successfully, having consequences for gender equity, poverty reduction, and economic growth. As universal primary schooling becomes a reality, demand for secondary schools is increasing rapidly. Gaps between the educational levels of the labor force in Sub-Saharan Africa and other regions remain large. Girls are more often excluded from secondary schools than boys. Secondary schooling costs are high to both governments and households.

This study explores how access to secondary education can be increased. Radical reforms are needed in low-enrollment countries to make secondary schooling more affordable and to provide more access to the majority currently excluded. The report identifies the rationale for increasing access, reviews the status of secondary education in Sub-Saharan Africa, charts the growth needed in different countries to reach different levels of participation, identifies the financial constraints on growth, and discusses the reforms needed to make access affordable. It concludes with a road map of ways to increase the probability that more of Africa's children will experience secondary schooling.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780821371152
Publisher:	World Bank Publications
Publication date:	02/27/2008
Series:	World Bank Working Papers , #136
Pages:	188
Product dimensions:	7.03(w) x 9.92(h) x 0.43(d)

Table of Contents

Foreword     ix
Acknowledgments     xi
Acronyms and Abbreviations     xiii
Executive Summary     1
Mapping Needs     2
The Context for Expanding Enrollment     4
Profiling the Challenges for Expanding Enrollment     6
The Resources Needed     9
Options for Reforms     11
Developing a Road Map for Expanding Secondary Education     16
Ways Forward     17
Concluding Remarks     18
Resume Analytique     23
Introduction     23
Besoins d'elaboration d'une carte scolaire     24
Le train de mesures variees     27
Conceptualisation du defi a relever     30
Les ressources necessaires     31
Choix de reformes pour developper la participation au secondaire     35
Elaboration d'une feuille de route pour le developpement de l'enseignement secondaire en Afrique subsaharienne     38
Moyens d'avancer     40
Remarques finales     42
Notes     43
Participation selon la richesse et le sexe en ass     44
Croissance de la population et augmentations du nombre de places dans les etablissements et des besoins en enseignants en ass     46
Modeles d'inscriptions en ass - Typologie des pays     48
Couts du developpement du secondaire     50
Tableau synoptique des options pour le developpement de l'enseignement secondaire a des couts accessibles     52
Introduction     55
Why SEcondary Education?     59
Reasons for Revisiting Investment Policy in Secondary Education     60
Key Issues for Costs and Finance     66
The Status of Secondary Schooling     69
Enrollment     69
Educational Structure     75
Participation by Gender, Wealth, and Location     77
Repetition and Over-Age Enrollment     83
Teachers and Teacher Education     84
Nongovernment Providers     86
Technical and Vocational Education     88
Expenditure and Costs     90
Conclusions     92
The Challenge of Expanding Secondary Enrollment     95
How Rapidly Will Secondary Enrollments Grow?     95
Enrollment Patterns for Grades 1-9 Across Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa     99
How Much Secondary Expansion Is Affordable with and without Reform?     109
Regional Estimates of the Recurrent Cost of Expanding Secondary Education     109
Country-Level Estimates of Costs of Expanding Secondary Education     113
Increasing the Supply of Teachers     117
Increasing Investment in Educational Infrastructure and Other Development Budget Items     121
Policy Options for Expanding Secondary Education     123
The Need for Better Data     125
Options for Affordable Expansion of Secondary Schooling     127
Expanding National Resources     127
Changing the Structure of Schooling     128
Containing Recurrent Costs     132
Improving the Flow of Students     134
Improving Teacher Deployment and Utilization     136
Improving School Management     137
Reforming Curricula and Pedagogy     138
Reforming Teacher Education     140
Expanding Facilities and Buildings     141
Increasing Cost Recovery     142
Supporting Nongovernment Providers     146
Ways Forward     149
Starting Points     149
Financing Expansion     150
Policy Challenges     152
Developing a Roadmap for Expanding Secondary Education     153
Developing a Framework for Action     158
Concluding Remarks     159
Notes for Chapters 1-6      163
References for Chapters 1-6     167
Appendixes
List of Figures
Graphique generique de cinq types de modeles d'inscription     31
Gross Primary and Secondary Enrollment Rates, by Country     73
Gross Lower- and Upper-Secondary Enrollment Rates, by Country     74
Gross Secondary Enrollment Rates, Ranked by per Capita GDP     74
Primary, Lower-Secondary, and Upper-Secondary School Cycles, by Country     76
Relation between Gross Enrollment and Gender Parity Index in Secondary School     78
Gender Parity Index in Primary and Secondary School, by Country     79
Participation in Secondary School by 15- to 19-Year-Olds, by Gender and Household Income     80
Participation in Secondary School by 15- to 19-Year-Olds, by Gender and Urban-Rural Location     80
Participation in Secondary School in Benin, by Gender and Household Income     81
Participation in Secondary School in Ghana, by Gender and Household Income     81
Participation in Secondary School in Rwanda, by Gender and Household Income     82
Participation in Secondary School in Tanzania, by Gender and Household Income     82
Participation in Secondary School in Uganda, by Gender and Household Income     83
Participation in Secondary School in Zambia, by Gender and Household Income      83
Secondary-School Repetition Rates, by Country     84
Number of Students Enrolled in Kenya, by Age and Grade     85
Pupil-Teacher Ratios in Primary and Secondary Schools, by Country     86
Technical and Vocational School Enrollment as Percentage of Total Secondary-School Enrollment, by Country     89
Ratio of Primary to Secondary School Costs per Pupil, by Country     91
Annual Growth Rate of School-Age Population, by Country, 2005     96
Percentages of School-Age Children in Population, by Country, 2005     97
Gross Enrollment Profiles in 10 Countries     98
Increase in Enrollment Needed to Reach Universal Lower-Secondary Enrollment by 2015, by Country     101
Enrollment Patterns in Group 1 Countries     102
Enrollment Patterns in Group 2 Countries     102
Enrollment Patterns in Group 3 Countries     103
Enrollment Patterns in Group 4 Countries     104
Enrollment Patterns in Group 5 Countries     104
Participation Patterns in Primary, Lower-Secondary, and Upper-Secondary School, by Country Group     105
Projected Rate of Increase in Number of Secondary-School Teachers Needed to Achieve GER2L of 60% and GER2U of 30%, by Country     120
List of Tables
Challenges for Expanding Secondary Education, by Country Group      7
Summary of Affordable Options for Expanding Secondary Education     12
Benchmarks and Indicators for Increasing Secondary Enrollment     19
Typologie des defis a relever pour le developpment de l'enseignement secondaire en ASS     32
Gross Enrollment Rate and Gender Parity Index for Primary and Secondary School, by Country     70
Gross Secondary Enrollment Rates in Developing Regions, 1990 and 2001     75
Per Pupil Costs at Primary, Lower-Secondary, and Upper-Secondary Levels in Sub-Saharan Countries     91
Increase in Enrollments Needed to Achieve GER = 100%, GER2L = 100% and GER2U = 100% in 2001 and 2015     100
Challenges for Expanding Secondary Education, by Country Group     106
Scenario 1: Current Enrollment Rates, No Reform     110
Scenario 2: Higher Enrollment Rates, No Reform     111
Scenario 3: Higher Enrollment Rates with Reform Package 1     112
Scenario 4: Higher Enrollment Rates with Reform Package 2     112
Scenario 5: Full Primary- and Lower-Secondary-School Enrollment with Reform Package 3     113
Projected Financing Requirements and Shortfalls Associated with Various Levels of Enrollment     118
Framework for Policy Options for Increasing Secondary-School Participation     124
Strategies for Reallocating Resources for Education      128
Strategies for Changing the Structure of Schooling     130
Strategies for Containing Recurrent Costs     132
Strategies for Improving the Flow of Pupils     134
Strategies for Improving Teacher Deployment and Utilization     136
Strategies for Enhancing School Management     137
Strategies for Improving Curricula     139
Strategies for Reforming Teacher Education     140
Strategies for Improving Facilities and Buildings     141
Strategies for Recovering Costs     143
Strategies for Promoting Nongovernment Providers     147
Benchmarks and Indicators for Increasing Secondary Enrollment     156