Tank Linings for the Chemical Process Industries

by V. V. Chandrasekaran

Overview

Rubber linings can be used as passive protection against the corrosion of plant and equipment in the chemical process industries. Rubbers act as sacrificial materials reacting or un-reacting with the corrosive media, diffusing the liquids or not diffusing, swelling by itself or not swelling, permeating or not permeating gases or fumes, abrading or wearing by the slurry particles, getting ozonised or oxidised; but still protecting the metal surface beneath it, during its considerable life cycle under those severe and stressed conditions. Rubbers age but their life cycle is good enough to protect the metals against corrosion and erosion.

The raw material bases are natural or synthetic rubbers. Rubber is used for corrosion/abrasion proof linings, more than any other material because of its proven superiority in this service at a relatively low cost. Fertilizer, electroplating, ore-refining, petrochemicals, chlor-alkali and paper industries invariably turn to rubber linings, in preference to other types of linings for their high resistance to corrosion and abrasion. Moreover the variety of rubbers, both natural and man-made, available and its flexibility to serve under wide temperature and pressure ranges, made rubber linings as the world-wide accepted anti-corrosive and anti-abrasive media.

Tank Linings for Chemical Process Industries describes exactly how to use rubber as a lining in tanks and how to overcome problems associated with this technique.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781847351067
Publisher:	Smithers Rapra Technology
Publication date:	01/14/2009

Table of Contents

1 Introduction

2 Rubber - An Overview

2.1 The Origins of Polymer Science

2.2 The Polymerisation Process

2.3 Developments in Synthetic Rubber

2.4 Vulcanisation

2.5 Range of Rubbers

3 Rubber Lining for Corrosion Protection in the Chemical Industry

3.1 Types of Corrosion

3.2 The Fertiliser Industry

3.3 Power Plants

3.4 Treatment of Ores

3.5 The Chlor-Alkali Industry

3.6 Mercury Cells in the Caustic Soda Industry

3.7 The Steel Industry

3.8 The Transport Industry

3.9 The Electroplating Industry

3.10 The Fluorine Industry

3.11 The Explosives Industry

3.12 The Pulp and Paper Industries

3.13 The Ore and Mining Industries

4 Choice of Rubber Compounds for the Ore and Mining Industries

4.1 Conveyor Systems

4.2 Slurry Transportation

4.3 The Future of Hydraulic Transportation of Solids

4.4 Abrasion Resistance

4.5 Spherical Digesters in a Chlor-alkali Plant

4.6 Dry Abrasive Conditions

4.7 Wet Abrasive Conditions

5 Raw Materials for Rubber Lining

5.1 Natural Rubber

5.2 Synthetic Rubbers

5.3 Vulcanising and Curing Agents

5.4 Materials for Reinforcement

5.5 Plasticisers, Softeners and Extenders

5.6 Antioxidants and Antiozonants

5.7 Adhesives and Bonding Agents

5.8 Solvents

6 Elastomers Used in the Rubber Lining Industry

6.1 Neoprene Rubber

6.2 Hypalon Rubbers

6.3 Butyl rubber

6.4 EPDMRubber

6.5 Silicone Rubbers

6.6 Fluorocarbon Elastomers

6.7 Natural Rubber

6.8 Synthetic Ebonites

7 Compounding Elastomers for Rubber Lining

7.1 Design of Compound Formulations

7.2 Processing Characteristics

7.3 Proportion

7.4 Silica and Carbon Filled Butyl Rubber Vulcanisates

7.5 Compounding Elastomers of Low Cure Functionality

7.6 Chemical Reaction of Polymers

8 Manufacturing and Application Procedures

8.1 Rubber Lining

8.2 Role of Impurities

8.3 Working Temperature

8.4 Lining Thickness

8.5 Design and Fabrication of Lining Supports

8.6 Adhesive Coating

8.7 Application of Calendered Sheet

8.8 Autoclave Vulcanisation

8.9 Inspection

8.10 Adhesive Manufacture

8.11 Rubber Lining of Large Storage Tanks

8.12 Sheet Dimensions

8.13 Sheet Laying and Rolling

8.14 Procedure of Tank Inspection Before Undertaking the Lining Operation

8.15 Rubber Lining of Pipes

8.16 Storage of Rubber Lined Pipes

8.17 Surface Preparation for Rubber Lining

8.18 Methods of Surface Preparation

9 Testing of Rubber Lining

9.1 Density of Solids

9.2 Hardness

9.3 Spark Testing

9.4 Description of Apparatus

9.5 Swelling Test

9.6 Specifications and Codes of Practice

10 Specification and Codes of Practice for Rubber Lining