| Acknowledgments | 11 |
| Foreword | 13 |
| Preface | 17 |
| Introduction | 25 |
| Part 1 | The General Presentation of Madhyamaka in the Kagyu Tradition | 45 |
| 1 | The Transmission of Madhyamaka from India to Tibet and Its Relation to Vajrayana and Mahamudra | 47 |
| 2 | The Middle from Beginning to End | 69 |
| Madhyamaka Ground | 72 |
| What Is Reality? | 72 |
| No Ground for the Two Realities | 77 |
| The Detailed Explanation of the Two Realities | 80 |
| The Meaning of the Terms | 80 |
| Painting the Sky: A Description of Their Defining Characteristics | 82 |
| Are the Two Realities One or Different? | 88 |
| Seeming Divisions of the Seeming | 94 |
| Dividing Space: Divisions of the Ultimate | 99 |
| A Critical Analysis of Some Other Tibetan Views on the Two Realities in Centrism | 101 |
| The Definite Number of Two Realities and the Purpose of Understanding Them | 105 |
| The Emptiness of Emptiness | 110 |
| Freedom Is the Nature of Not Having a Nature | 110 |
| Elaborations on Simplicity | 114 |
| The Twenty Emptinesses | 117 |
| The Sixteen Emptinesses | 122 |
| The Two Types of Identitylessness | 126 |
| Lost Identity | 126 |
| Phenomenal Identitylessness | 135 |
| Personal Identitylessness | 137 |
| Are the Two Identitylessnesses One or Different? | 141 |
| The Purpose of Teaching Two Identitylessnesses | 141 |
| From Knowledge to Wisdom | 142 |
| Madhyamaka Path | 153 |
| How Can Madhyamaka Be a Personal Practice? | 157 |
| Reasoning and Debate in Centrism | 172 |
| Three Stages of Analysis by Nagarjuna and Aryadeva | 172 |
| Is Reasoning Reasonable? | 174 |
| Reasons and Negations | 177 |
| What Is the Object of Negation in Centrist Reasonings? | 193 |
| The Status of Valid Cognition in Centrism | 199 |
| Do Centrists Have a Thesis or Position? | 218 |
| Illusory Lions Killing Illusory Elephants: Empty Reasonings for Liberation | 231 |
| Some Essential Points of Centrist Reasoning | 231 |
| Disillusionment with Phenomenal Identity | 235 |
| The Five Great Madhyamaka Reasonings | 235 |
| Other Reasonings | 262 |
| Unmasking Personal Identity | 264 |
| The Result of Centrist Reasoned Analysis | 271 |
| Madhyamaka Meditation | 273 |
| Why Is Analytical Meditation Necessary? | 273 |
| Calm Abiding and Superior Insight | 276 |
| Analytical Meditation and Resting Meditation | 279 |
| Working with the Mind in Meditation and Daily Life | 285 |
| How to Practice a Session of Analytical Meditation | 290 |
| The Progressive Stages of Meditation on Emptiness | 295 |
| Mental Nonengagement in Meditation | 310 |
| Madhyamaka Conduct | 321 |
| Madhyamaka Fruition | 323 |
| 3 | The Distinction between Autonomists and Consequentialists | 333 |
| Classifications of Centrism in India and Tibet | 333 |
| Refutation of Mistaken Assumptions about Autonomists and Consequentialists | 341 |
| The Actual Distinction between Autonomists and Consequentialists | 360 |
| How the Distinction between Autonomists and Consequentialists by Later Tibetans Is a Novelty | 373 |
| The Origin of the Controversy between Autonomists and Consequentialists | 392 |
| Do Hearers and Solitary Realizers Realize Emptiness? | 421 |
| Conclusion | 438 |
| 4 | Is There Such a Thing as Shentong-Madhyamaka? | 445 |
| The Yogacara System in General | 457 |
| The System of the Lineage of Vast Activity | 460 |
| The Treatment of Yogacara and the Rangtong-Shentong Controversy in Tibet | 500 |
| The Single Final Intention of the Two Philosophical Systems of the Great Vehicle | 515 |
| 5 | The Distinction between Expedient and Definitive Meaning | 527 |
| 6 | An Outline of Some Major Differences between Mikyo Dorje's and Tsongkhapa's Interpretations of Centrism | 553 |
| Part 2 | The Bodhicaryavatara and Pawo Tsugla Trengwa | 599 |
| 7 | Some Remarks on the Bodhicaryavatara and Pawo Rinpoche's Commentary | 601 |
| 8 | The Ninth Chapter of Pawo Rinpoche's Commentary on The Entrance to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life | 617 |
| Appendix I | A Short Biography of the Second Pawo Rinpoche Tsugla Trengwa | 791 |
| Appendix II | Non-Buddhist Indian Schools | 794 |
| Appendix III | Tibetan Text of the Ninth Chapter of the Bodhicaryavatara | 800 |
| Glossary: English-Sanskrit-Tibetan | 816 |
| Glossary: Tibetan-Sanskrit-English | 823 |
| Bibliography | 831 |
| Endnotes | 853 |
| Index | 963 |
