Triumph of the Optimists: 101 Years of Global Investment Returns

Investors have too often extrapolated from recent experience. In the 1950s, who but the most rampant optimist would have dreamt that over the next fifty years the real return on equities would be 9% per year? Yet this is what happened in the U.S. stock market. The optimists triumphed. However, as Don Marquis observed, an optimist is someone who never had much experience. The authors of this book extend our experience across regions and across time. They present a comprehensive and consistent analysis of investment returns for equities, bonds, bills, currencies and inflation, spanning sixteen countries, from the end of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twenty-first. This is achieved in a clear and simple way, with over 130 color diagrams that make comparison easy.

Crucially, the authors analyze total returns, including reinvested income. They show that some historical indexes overstate long-term performance because they are contaminated by survivorship bias and that long-term stock returns are in most countries seriously overestimated, due to a focus on periods that with hindsight are known to have been successful.

The book also provides the first comprehensive evidence on the long-term equity risk premium--the reward for bearing the risk of common stocks. The authors reveal whether the United States and United Kingdom have had unusually high stock market returns compared to other countries. The book covers the U.S., the U.K., Japan, France, Germany, Canada, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Australia, the Netherlands, Sweden, Belgium, Ireland, Denmark, and South Africa.

Triumph of the Optimists is required reading for investment professionals, financial economists, and investors. It will be the definitive reference in the field and consulted for years to come.

1104161545
Triumph of the Optimists: 101 Years of Global Investment Returns

Investors have too often extrapolated from recent experience. In the 1950s, who but the most rampant optimist would have dreamt that over the next fifty years the real return on equities would be 9% per year? Yet this is what happened in the U.S. stock market. The optimists triumphed. However, as Don Marquis observed, an optimist is someone who never had much experience. The authors of this book extend our experience across regions and across time. They present a comprehensive and consistent analysis of investment returns for equities, bonds, bills, currencies and inflation, spanning sixteen countries, from the end of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twenty-first. This is achieved in a clear and simple way, with over 130 color diagrams that make comparison easy.

Crucially, the authors analyze total returns, including reinvested income. They show that some historical indexes overstate long-term performance because they are contaminated by survivorship bias and that long-term stock returns are in most countries seriously overestimated, due to a focus on periods that with hindsight are known to have been successful.

The book also provides the first comprehensive evidence on the long-term equity risk premium--the reward for bearing the risk of common stocks. The authors reveal whether the United States and United Kingdom have had unusually high stock market returns compared to other countries. The book covers the U.S., the U.K., Japan, France, Germany, Canada, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Australia, the Netherlands, Sweden, Belgium, Ireland, Denmark, and South Africa.

Triumph of the Optimists is required reading for investment professionals, financial economists, and investors. It will be the definitive reference in the field and consulted for years to come.

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Triumph of the Optimists: 101 Years of Global Investment Returns

Triumph of the Optimists: 101 Years of Global Investment Returns

Triumph of the Optimists: 101 Years of Global Investment Returns

Triumph of the Optimists: 101 Years of Global Investment Returns

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Overview

Investors have too often extrapolated from recent experience. In the 1950s, who but the most rampant optimist would have dreamt that over the next fifty years the real return on equities would be 9% per year? Yet this is what happened in the U.S. stock market. The optimists triumphed. However, as Don Marquis observed, an optimist is someone who never had much experience. The authors of this book extend our experience across regions and across time. They present a comprehensive and consistent analysis of investment returns for equities, bonds, bills, currencies and inflation, spanning sixteen countries, from the end of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twenty-first. This is achieved in a clear and simple way, with over 130 color diagrams that make comparison easy.

Crucially, the authors analyze total returns, including reinvested income. They show that some historical indexes overstate long-term performance because they are contaminated by survivorship bias and that long-term stock returns are in most countries seriously overestimated, due to a focus on periods that with hindsight are known to have been successful.

The book also provides the first comprehensive evidence on the long-term equity risk premium--the reward for bearing the risk of common stocks. The authors reveal whether the United States and United Kingdom have had unusually high stock market returns compared to other countries. The book covers the U.S., the U.K., Japan, France, Germany, Canada, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Australia, the Netherlands, Sweden, Belgium, Ireland, Denmark, and South Africa.

Triumph of the Optimists is required reading for investment professionals, financial economists, and investors. It will be the definitive reference in the field and consulted for years to come.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9781400829477
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Publication date: 04/11/2009
Sold by: Barnes & Noble
Format: eBook
Pages: 352
File size: 2 MB

About the Author

All three authors are at the London Business School. Elroy Dimson is Professor of Finance. Paul Marsh is Esmée Fairbairn Professor of Finance. Mike Staunton is Director of the London Share Price Database.

Table of Contents

Preface xi

Part One: 101 years of global investment returns 1

Chapter 1 Introduction and overview 3
1.1 Need for an international perspective 3
1.2 The historical record 5
1.3 Inside the markets 7
1.4 The equity premium 8
1.5 Sixteen countries, one world 10

Chapter 2 World markets: today and yesterday 11
2.1 The world's stock markets today 11
2.2 The world's bond markets today 14
2.3 Why stock and bond markets matter 18
2.4 The world's markets yesterday 19
2.5 The US and UK stock markets: 1900 versus 2000 23
2.6 Industry composition: 1900 versus 2000 23
2.7 Stock market concentration 28
2.8 Summary 32

Chapter 3 Measuring long-term returns 34
3.1 Good indexes and bad 34
3.2 Index design: a case study 36
3.3 Dividends, coverage, and weightings 38
3.4 Easy-data bias in international indexes 40
3.5 Measuring inflation and fixed-income returns 43
3.6 Summary 44

Chapter 4 International capital market history 45
4.1 The US record 45
4.2 The UK record 48
4.3 Stock market returns around the world 50
4.4 Equities compared with bonds and bills 51
4.5 Investment risk and the distribution of annual returns 54
4.6 Risk, diversification, and market risk 56
4.7 Risk comparisons across asset classes and countries 59
4.8 Summary 61

Chapter 5 Inflation, interest rates, and bill returns 63
5.1 Inflation in the United States and the United Kingdom 63
5.2 Inflation around the world 65
5.3 US treasury bills and real interest rates 68
5.4 Real interest rates around the world 71
5.5 Summary 72

Chapter 6 Bond returns 74
6.1 US and UK bond returns 74
6.2 Bond returns around the world 79
6.3 Bond maturity premia 81
6.4 Inflation-indexed bonds and the real term premium 84
6.5 Corporate bonds and the default risk premium 87
6.6 Summary 89

Chapter 7 Exchange rates and common-currency returns 91
7.1 Long-run exchange rate behavior 91
7.2 The international monetary system 93
7.3 Long-run purchasing power parity 95
7.4 Deviations from purchasing power parity 96
7.5 Volatility of exchange rates 98
7.6 Common-currency returns on bonds and equities 100
7.7 Summary 103

Chapter 8 International investment 105
8.1 Local market versus currency risk 105
8.2 A twentieth century world index for equities and bonds 108
8.3 Ex post benefits from holding the world index 111
8.4 Correlations between countries 114
8.5 Prospective gains from international diversification 117
8.6 Home bias and constraints on international investment 120
8.7 Summary 123

Chapter 9 Size effects and seasonality in stock returns 124
9.1 The size effect in the United States 124
9.2 The size effect in the United Kingdom 126
9.3 The size effect around the world 129
9.4 The reversal of the size premium 131
9.5 Seasonality and size 135
9.6 Summary 138

Chapter 10 Value and growth in stock returns 139
10.1 Value versus growth in the United States 139
10.2 Value and growth investing in the United Kingdom 142
10.3 The international evidence 145
10.4 Summary 148

Chapter 11 Equity dividends 149
11.1 The impact of income 149
11.2 US and UK dividend growth 152
11.3 Dividend growth around the world 154
11.4 Dividend growth, GDP growth, and real equity returns 155
11.5 Dividend yields around the world and over time 157
11.6 Disappearing dividends 158
11.7 Summary 161

Chapter 12 The equity risk premium 163
12.1 US risk premia relative to bills 163
12.2 Worldwide risk premia relative to bills 166
12.3 US risk premia relative to bonds 169
12.4 Worldwide risk premia relative to bonds 171
12.5 Summary 173

Chapter 13 The prospective risk premium 176
13.1 Why the risk premium matters 177
13.2 How big should the risk premium be? 179
13.3 Measuring the premium 181
13.4 Arithmetic and geometric premia 183
13.5 The changing consensus 185
13.6 History as a guide to the future 188
13.7 Expectations of the risk premium 190
13.8 Summary 193

Chapter 14 Implications for investors 195
14.1 Market risk in the twenty-first century 195
14.2 Inferences from other markets 199
14.3 What does the future hold? 202
14.4 Implications for individual investors 204
14.5 Implications for investment institutions 207
14.6 Summary 209

Chapter 15 Implications for companies 211
15.1 The cost of capital 211
15.2 Corporate investment decisions 215
15.3 Corporate financing decisions 217
15.4 Summary 219

Chapter 16 Conclusion 220
16.1 Long-term returns 220
16.2 Key messages 222
16.3 Conclusion 224

Part Two: Sixteen countries, one world 225

Chapter 17 Our global database 227
Chapter 18 Australia 229
Chapter 19 Belgium 234
Chapter 20 Canada 239
Chapter 21 Denmark 244
Chapter 22 France 249
Chapter 23 Germany 254
Chapter 24 Ireland 259
Chapter 25 Italy 264
Chapter 26 Japan 269
Chapter 27 The Netherlands 274
Chapter 28 South Africa 279
Chapter 29 Spain 284
Chapter 30 Sweden 289
Chapter 31 Switzerland 294
Chapter 32 United Kingdom 299
Chapter 33 United States 306
Chapter 34 World 311

References 316
About the authors 331
Index 333

What People are Saying About This

John Campbell

Recent years have seen unprecedented public interest in the stock market, but there is a tendency for investors to concentrate on recent U.S. stock market performance. Progress in understanding financial markets requires a much longer timeframe and a global perspective. This book presents and analyzes data from many countries in a simple, standardized way that makes comparisons easy. It makes a number of extremely important points and goes well beyond simple summaries of average returns and historical volatilities to look at such issues as seasonality and industrial structure.
John Campbell, Harvard University

Bernstein

No investor can afford to risk a penny in the markets without studying this book and absorbing its fascinating lessons. That advice applies whether you are professional or amateur, a youngster or hardened from experience, bold or conservative. This book is history at its most challenging and illuminating. The facts are astonishing, the presentation dazzling, the analysis brilliant, and the lessons profound.
Peter L. Bernstein, author of "Capital Ideas" and "Against the Gods"

Peter L. Bernstein

No investor can afford to risk a penny in the markets without studying this book and absorbing its fascinating lessons. That advice applies whether you are professional or amateur, a youngster or hardened from experience, bold or conservative. This book is history at its most challenging and illuminating. The facts are astonishing, the presentation dazzling, the analysis brilliant, and the lessons profound.
(Peter L. Bernstein, author of "Capital Ideas" and "Against the Gods")

William Goetzmann

This will become the definitive empirical basis for analysis of the world's capital markets over the twentieth century. It is an important work of scholarship; no one else has calculated the equity premium of a large number of countries over the long term. In doing so, the book contributes to the very lively debate on the magnitude of the equity premium and will make a splash.
William Goetzmann, Yale University

Gruber

This is an important addition to the investment literature and will be widely used by both the academic and business community. To have the scope of data and analysis contained in this book available in one place represents a major contribution and improvement over what is now available.
Martin J. Gruber, New York University

Martin J. Gruber

This is an important addition to the investment literature and will be widely used by both the academic and business community. To have the scope of data and analysis contained in this book available in one place represents a major contribution and improvement over what is now available.
(Martin J. Gruber, New York University)

William Goetzmann

This will become the definitive empirical basis for analysis of the world's capital markets over the twentieth century. It is an important work of scholarship; no one else has calculated the equity premium of a large number of countries over the long term. In doing so, the book contributes to the very lively debate on the magnitude of the equity premium and will make a splash.
(William Goetzmann, Yale University)

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