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INTRODUCTION

"I figured I was ready to move out and make it on my own. I had a little money saved, a job lined up, a place with a couple of roommates to stay where we could share expenses. But it just got away from me. Maybe it was too much, too fast, I don't know. For a lot of reasons I just couldn't catch hold. I crashed. And when you crash in life, where else are you supposed to go except back home? Disappointed? Sure, I'm disappointed. And so are my parents, though they don't come out and say so. I just need a safe place and some time to get my feet back under me so I can try moving out on my own again."

For many parents, hearing from their child how hard it is striking out alone in the world is difficult, even heartbreaking. But the reality is that such stories are becoming more and more common.

Today, the adolescent journey from childhood to adult independence is a long one, and the hardest part is usually saved for last. This final stage of adolescence, what I call trial independence, typically unfolds between the ages of eighteen and twenty-three and ends a little after the college-age years, when a young person finally establishes social, psychological, and economic independence.

The problem, though, is that most parents and adolescents have been led to believe that graduation from high school signifies that one is ready to act self-sufficiently and responsibly grown-up. This assumption is reinforced by many of our books, television shows, movies...even our laws. For most older adolescents today, it normally takes at least three to five years after high school, when they are living away from home and struggling to operate more on their own, to actually master the skills needed for independent living. And most adults (and most young people themselves) vastly underestimate the complexity of this final struggle for independence. This miscalculation becomes most apparent when it results in boomerang kids-last-stage adolescents who lose their footing and come back home to rely on their parents' support for a while longer.

I have written this book to help parents understand this last and most challenging stage of adolescence, the one in which most boomerang kids tend to return to reside at home. By understanding the nature of this challenging time and identifying the multiple causes for returning home, parents can move past frustration and instead focus on helping their child move on to adulthood.

Hopefully, this book will help you understand why your son or daughter has returned, what you can do to support your child's recovery, and how to strengthen your child's readiness and resolve to try for independence again. So what I have written is primarily a manual for intervention when your last-stage adolescent returns home; but it is also a guide for prevention, since it discusses how you can prepare children before they depart from the home, making a boomerang return less likely.

Chapter 1 describes the last stage of adolescence-trial independence-setting it within the context of four stages of normal adolescent development. Chapter 2 examines how immaturity or delayed development from earlier adolescent stages can put off readiness for independence, and how adequate preparation before the child's departure from home can increase the chances of a successful launch.

Chapters 3—13 walk you step by step through the main life challenges encountered during trial independence. When one or more of the following challenges comes to the point of crisis, it can cause a young person to boomerang home to recover:

Missing home and family-coping with loneliness after moving out on one's own

Managing increased freedom-handling a greater range of choice

Flunking out of college-failing to complete further education

Unemployment-seeking or losing a job

Roommate problems-sharing a domestic living arrangement

Broken love relationships-finding and losing love

Substance use-living in a drug-filled world

Indebtedness-overspending and credit card living

Stress-coping with excessive demand

Emotional crisis-feeling overwhelmed by unhappy feelings

Fear of the future-facing what to do with one's life

By understanding these challenges and how to help children navigate through them, parents can learn how best to ready children before they leave or support them after they return home.

Chapter 14 makes recommendations for how parents and boomerang kids can structure this period of residence so that it works as well as possible for all concerned. Chapter 15 describes the gifts available to young people in each type of crisis, and how these gifts can help them grow. Finally, Chapter 16 describes how to recognize the end of adolescence, identifies some developmental tasks of young adulthood that follow, and recommends how parents can adjust their parenting to stay well connected to their grown son or daughter during the independent years ahead.

At the end of each chapter, I give a "Parenting Prescription," which summarizes several actions that parents can take and topics for them to discuss that can be helpful to their son or daughter at this trying time of life.

My hope is that this book will help parents in three ways:

1. Give you a road map to normal life challenges your son or daughter will face during trial independence (age 18—23) and the final stage of adolescence, as well as an appreciation of why this last of the four stages is typically the hardest of all

2. Describe eleven major life challenges that most young people commonly encounter during this final stage, and how those challenges can come to crisis and cause a young person to return home

3. Suggest ways you can support your child's recovery in each crisis and help lead the young person closer to adulthood, readier to try independence again

Most of what I have to share about understanding and managing boomerang behavior in older adolescents arises from counseling parents and young people over the years. From this experience, I have come to believe that this is a trying time for all concerned. Parents who thought their active parenting was over now have more to do. The young person feels that returning home is necessary, but wishes that this wasn't so. Sometimes mothers and fathers will wonder if they shouldn't be out of the parenting business by this age, but in general, I think not. Just as adolescence often lasts longer today than it used to, active parenting must last longer, too. When a young person boomerangs home during trial independence, this simply means that he or she has more growing to do. This book describes how parents can be there to help.