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    Geometry from Euclid to Knots

    by Saul Stahl

    Paperback

    $22.95
    $22.95

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    Table of Contents

    Preface to the Dover Edition xi

    Preface xiii

    1 Other Geometries: A Computational Introduction 1

    1.1 Spherical Geometry 1

    1.2 Hyperbolic Geometry 9

    1.3 Other Geometries 21

    2 The Neutral Geometry of the Triangle 29

    2.1 Introduction 29

    2.2 Preliminaries 34

    2.3 Propositions 1 through 28 46

    2.4 Postulate 5 Revisited 81

    3 Nonneutral Euclidean Geometry 87

    3.1 Parallelism 87

    3.2 Area 99

    3.3 The Theorem of Pythagoras 112

    3.4 Consequences of the Theorem of Pythagoras 119

    3.5 Proportion and Similarity 122

    4 Circles and Regular Polygons 133

    4.1 The Neutral Geometry of the Circle 133

    4.2 The Nonneutral Euclidean Geometry of the Circle 141

    4.3 Regular Polygons 150

    4.4 Circle Circumference and Area 155

    4.5 Impossible Constructions 165

    5 Toward Projective Geometry 177

    5.1 Division of Line Segments 177

    5.2 Collinearity and Concurrence 184

    5.3 The Projective Plane 191

    6 Planar Symmetries 197

    6.1 Translations, Rotations, and Fixed Points 197

    6.2 Reflections 203

    6.3 Glide Reflections 210

    6.4 The Main Theorems 216

    6.5 Symmetries of Polygons 219

    6.6 Frieze Patterns 223

    6.7 Wallpaper Designs 228

    7 Inversions 247

    7.1 Inversions as Transformations 247

    7.2 Inversions to the Rescue 255

    7.3 Inversions as Hyperbolic Motions 259

    8 Symmetry in Space 269

    8.1 Regular and Semiregular Polyhedra 269

    8.2 Rotational Symmetries of Regular Polyhedra 281

    8.3 Monstrous Moonshine 288

    9 Informal Topology 295

    10 Graphs 305

    10.1 Nodes and Arcs 305

    10.2 Traversability 308

    10.3 Colorings 314

    10.4 Planarity 317

    10.5 Graph Homeomorphisms 326

    11 Surfaces 333

    11.1 Polygonal Presentations 333

    11.2 Closed Surfaces 346

    11.3 Operations on Surfaces 358

    11.4 Bordered Surfaces 367

    12 Knots and Links 379

    12.1 Equivalence of Knots and Links 379

    12.2 Labelings 385

    12.3 The Jones Polynomial 393

    Appendix A A Brief Introduction to The Geometer's Sketchpad® 405

    Appendix B Summary of Propositions 409

    Appendix C George D. Birkhoff's Axiomatization of Euclidean Geometry 415

    Appendix D The University of Chicago School Mathematics Project's Geometrical Axioms 417

    Appendix E David Hilbert's Axiomatization of Euclidean Geometry 421

    Appendix F Permutations 425

    Appendix G Modular Arithmetic 429

    Solutions and Hints to Selected Problems 433

    Bibliography 447

    Index 451

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    Designed to inform readers about the formal development of Euclidean geometry and to prepare prospective high school mathematics instructors to teach Euclidean geometry, this text closely follows Euclid's classic, Elements. The text augments Euclid's statements with appropriate historical commentary and many exercises—more than 1,000 practice exercises provide readers with hands-on experience in solving geometrical problems.

    In addition to providing a historical perspective on plane geometry, this text covers non-Euclidean geometries, allowing students to cultivate an appreciation of axiomatic systems. Additional topics include circles and regular polygons, projective geometry, symmetries, inversions, knots and links, graphs, surfaces, and informal topology. This republication of a popular text is substantially less expensive than prior editions and offers a new Preface by the author.

    Dover (2010) unabridged republication of the edition published by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2003.

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