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Imagining October 9, 1899

A quick, cold wind swept across the vast and rippling waters ofLake Michigan, whose silver, mirrored surface reflected thefast-moving dark clouds above. The wind reached the shore,shouldered into the streets of Chicago, and picked up andwhistled around the edge of a big wooden house on the cornerof Humboldt Park Boulevard. It crept in through tinycracks in the walls and through the hair-thin spaces where windowpanesmet; it circled Frank Baum as he sat in his leather upholstered chair in hiscluttered study. Wisps of his cigar smoke got caught up in the draft andswirled in gray and white spiraling patterns around his head before dispersingthroughout the room. They pushed upstairs through the patterned rugsand pine floorboards to where Maud was asleep in her bed. The familiarsmell of her husband’s cigars mingled with her breath as she slept, telling herthat he was still working.

By the glowing light of the kerosene lamp and the pulsating shadows itcast around the room, Baum tore a fresh piece of paper from his notebookand scribbled, “With This Pencil, I wrote the MS of The Emerald City.”Then he dated it: October 9, 1899, and signed it, underlining “The EmeraldCity” with a strong, thick line. He knew that this moment, in the middle ofhis life (he was forty-three), needed to be marked; he had finally broughtDorothy home to Kansas by clicking the heels of her magic shoes together.He captured the moment by sticking what remained of the worn-down stubto the paper. This pencil would write nothing more.

Having signed his name, he returned, fully, to the room, to the goldenlight and the wind that shook the trees down the boulevard. He crept upstairs to bed, knowing absolutely that he had produced his best work, in his ownwords, his “most truthful tale.” As he sank into sleep, slipping beneath thesurface of the waking lake, he might have reflected on where the idea for thisstory had come from and where he had come from.

To find the source of Baum’s famous story, which would later be retitledThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz, it’s necessary to travel east from Lake Michigan,650 miles, crossing the St. Joseph River, moving through Indiana, Ohio,Pennsylvania, passing Lake Erie and the gigantic body of falling water atNiagara, and continuing on into the wooded valleys and lakelands of upstateNew York, and finally to the shores of Oneida Lake. This was the world intowhich Baum was born forty-three years earlier, in 1856. This place had imprintedon him powerful memories, indentations, markings, and scars thathad resurfaced in adulthood in this new tale, as though in making it uphe had retold his own life story, transformed into a tale from a strangeelsewhere.

Part I

in the palm of the finger lakes

1848 to 1888

Chapter 1

Hemlock, Canadice, Keuka, Seneca, Cayuga, Otisco, andCazenovia. Sounding like a magic spell, these are the namesof the Finger Lakes. The long, thin lakes spread out like thedigits of an outstretched hand reaching across upstate NewYork. If the region above these liquid fingers is an open palm,the cities of Rochester and Syracuse are at either end of thelifeline that cuts across it. The Erie Canal, in fact, stretches between Rochesterand Syracuse exactly where this imaginary lifeline creases through thegeographical palm of the Finger Lakes.

In the spring of 1848, an old wooden farmhouse in the village of Hydesville,on the outskirts of Rochester, began to speak. Its language was a codeof rapping, thumping, knocks, and scraping. After several sleepless nights ofbravely searching the house by candlelight for the source of the persistentnoises, the Fox family was exhausted. The frightened daughters, Kate, eleven,and Maggie, fourteen, were sleeping in their parents’ bedroom. The soundshad become so loud that the children and their mother, Margaret, and father,John, could feel jarring vibrations coming through the floor and furnitureto ripple through their bones.

On the night of March 31, the family went to bed early, hoping to catchup on some lost sleep. In the half-light, as they climbed into bed, the noisesstruck up once again, tapping and rapping sounds filling the house, echoingback and forth between the wooden walls. In a strange and courageous actof imitation, the two girls began to copy the odd sounds by snapping theirfingers, as though they too should echo like the noises that surrounded them.Then, turning the tables, Kate suddenly challenged the “noisemaker.” “Do as I do,” she shouted, clapping her hands. The house, or the spirit trappedinside it, immediately responded with the same number of raps.The rest of the family took their lead from Kate and addressed what theynow assumed was a ghost. Margaret Fox asked the noisemaker to tap out theages of her seven children. “Instantly,” she said in the signed affidavit inwhich the details of the night’s events were recorded, “each one of my children’sages was given correctly, pausing between them sufficiently long toindividualize them.” The youngest Fox child had died at age three, andthe invisible presence left a longer pause before thumping out the final threeraps. The spirit fell silent after announcing the Fox child who dwelled in thesame murky region beyond life; as twilight melted into the darkness thatevening, the boundary between the living and the dead became blurred.

John and Margaret Fox gathered their neighbors, and soon the housewas filled with jostling bodies. They addressed the spirit, asking it to raptwice if the answer to a question was yes. One neighbor suggested establishinga code with the spirit, whereby someone slowly recited the letters of thealphabet, and the spirit rapped when it heard the letter it required. In thisway, they discovered that the restless spirit was that of a thirty-one-year-oldpeddler who had been murdered in the house five years earlier, his throat cutwith a knife and his body buried ten feet below the ground in the cellar. Thespirit was also able to spell out his name, Charles B. Rosna.

Word spread that Margaret Fox’s hair suddenly turned white that night,as though all the color had been sucked out of it.

The Fox girls were removed from the house. Kate was taken to theirbrother David’s house in Auburn, Maggie to their sister Leah’s in Rochester.Immediately the rapping sounds began to be heard in the two houses wherethe girls were staying. It became clear that this sudden outbreak of spiritactivity wasn’t simply the manifestation of a lone spirit trapped in the woodenhouse in Hydesville; it was the Fox sisters who had unleashed it. The childrenseemed to be mediums between the living and the dead.

On April Fool’s Day, John Fox and some neighbors began digging upthe cellar floor of the farmhouse in Hydesville, looking for some concreteevidence that the spirit was speaking the truth. At five feet down, theyreached water and were unable to dig any farther. In the summer of 1848,the Foxes returned to the cellar to dig deeper into the ground. The five-foothole was dug to ten feet, and there, packed in amongst the mud and grit, human teeth, bone, and hair were discovered. This unearthing didn’t quiteconfirm the spirit’s story that his whole body was buried there, but it didn’ttotally discredit it either. People gathered around Kate and Maggie Fox in ahall in Rochester to discuss the authenticity of the children’s ability to conjurespirits and communicate with them in code. Three groups of citizensinvestigated the claims and all concluded that the sounds heard in darkrooms and creaking houses in the presence of the Fox sisters weren’t producedby ventriloquism, machinery, or tricks. The Foxes’ careers as the nineteenthcentury’s first and most infamous spirit mediums had begun.

That summer of 1848, the border between the living and the deadseemed to have thinned in Hydesville, and fifty miles away along the ErieCanal, in a village near Syracuse, other children were edging toward thatporous boundary. Cynthia and Benjamin Baum, who would becomeL. Frank Baum’s mother and father in 1856, had four children at this time:Cynthia-Jane, age five; Oliver, four; Harriet, two; and Mary-Louise, a twomonth-old baby. In early June, Cynthia-Jane came down with a fever. Shebegan coughing and crying and her breathing became hoarse. Cynthia Baumwould have frantically tried to balance nursing baby Mary-Louise with thedifferent kind of nursing required for a very sick child. Mucus poured fromCynthia-Jane’s nose, and her pulse raced.

In the mid-nineteenth century, diphtheria wasn’t fully understood. Itremained almost untreatable until the early twentieth century when an antitoxinwas finally developed. People did know, however, that illness couldbe transferred between bodies in close proximity. The Baums must have triedto keep Cynthia-Jane away from the other children, but the bacteria thatcause diphtheria can be spread in tiny droplets from coughs and sneezes.Sometime toward the end of June, Oliver began to show similar symptoms.The horrible rasping sound of a child with diphtheria struggling for breathwas unbearable. Despite all attempts to save her, Cynthia-Jane died on June27, 1848. The cause of death was given as “putrid throat.” Cynthia-Jane’slittle dead body would have been washed and dressed in her best clothes, andher hair was likely washed and combed. It was common practice for corpses,even of children, to be put on display for distressed mourners to see. Thesmall stiff body would probably have been laid out in an open coffin, smallbouquets of flowers and herbs placed carefully in the pale hands and aroundthe head.

And Oliver’s condition worsened. It’s almost impossible to imagine theturmoil Cynthia and Benjamin Baum must have felt in the days immediatelyafter the death of their firstborn, as they reeled between grief for their deaddaughter and desperate attempts to save Oliver. Thirteen days after Cynthia-Jane died, Oliver followed her.

During this time, diphtheria commonly struck children in ferociouswaves across the population. There’s evidence of an epidemic in New YorkState in 1848, and the Baums weren’t the only family to lose children. TheLammerts, Meads, Fisks, Schoonmakers, Phillips, Taylors, and McGarrowsall lost children under the age of five that summer. The distraught Baumsburied their children in a small local cemetery, probably by a preacher all toofamiliar with the sight of grieving parents bent in pain over the graves oftheir infants.

These two dead children remained very important in the Baum family.Many years later, in 1877, Benjamin Baum bought a family plot in the grandOakwood Cemetery on a hill overlooking Syracuse. Heavy stone blocks withthe children’s names chiseled in bold lettering were placed on the plot asmemory markers if the small bodies weren’t disinterred and reburied beneaththem. These stone markers were the same size as those of other Baums wholived on into adulthood, whose bodies would eventually be placed besidethem. There were plenty of other infant graves amid the clover and mossin the plots of Oakwood Cemetery, but they were rarely given equal statuswith those of other family members who lived on into old age. Cynthia-Janeand Oliver may have died in 1848, but they clearly lived on in the collectivememory of the Baum family, continuing a kind of shadow life alongsidetheir living siblings.

In mid-nineteenth-century America, at times up to forty percent of alldeaths were of children under age five. The Baums had, until 1848, beenlucky. All of their children had lived, and Cynthia-Jane had been nearly outof the most vulnerable age range when she was taken. Infancy was a time ofacute vulnerability; like old age, early childhood was lived in intimate proximityto death.

But for the Baums and other families like them, this was an era in whichthe acute pain that all parents must feel at losing a child took on a new shading.In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, most people had heldGod responsible for the high infant mortality rate. If God had freely given, so people believed, He could just as freely take away. There was nothingparents or anyone could do except bend to the mysterious will of God andseek his comfort in their grief. But by the mid-nineteenth century, advancesin medicine had introduced a key element of human agency into the survivalof children. Diseases were better understood and cures were being developed.People began to believe that they might be able to protect their infants.But in reality, access to sophisticated medical care still wasn’t widespreadenough to save children, and they continued to die.

Nevertheless, beliefs had shifted. Now that infant mortality wasn’t God’swill, it was believed to be the failure of doctors, of parents, and of mothersin particular to care for their children. “No one can for a moment believe,”wrote the author of a popular nineteenth-century home medical guide, “thatthe excessive and increasing infant mortality among us, is part of the establishedorder of nature, or the systematic arrangement of Divine Providence.”Cynthia Baum clung to her Methodist religion, committing herself to a Godwho might bear some responsibility for the deaths of her children, or at leastforgive her for failing to save them.

Many people also had to contend with old superstitions about infantmortality, brought to America by Europeans who had carried their folklorewith them across the Atlantic. In the nineteenth century, many people stillbelieved in fairies, but these creatures weren’t the harmless little winged pixieswe have come to think of as “fairies.” They could be ugly and mean andwere sometimes indistinguishable from ghosts. Some believed that infantsand the unborn were vulnerable to baby-snatching fairies, which were imaginedas the bitter and twisted souls of babies who had died or been stillborn,or of women who had died in childbirth.

The strange happenings in 1848 in the Fox house in Hydesville suggestedthat living children could communicate with the dead. Kate andMaggie Fox had discovered a talent that would shape not only the rest oftheir lives but the entire culture of the late nineteenth century. The sisterscould communicate with the dead, and once their story spread, little girlsand supernatural activity would be forever linked in the popular imagination,where ghosts and fairies had existed for generations.