Table of Contents
Contents
Introduction: A Pocket Reference for Writers
1.
Concise and Bias-Free Writing
General Guidance
Orderly Presentation of Ideas
Smoothness of Expression
Economy of
Expression
Precision and Clarity
Grammar
Verbs
Agreement of Subject and
Verb
Pronouns
Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers and
Use of Adverbs
Relative Pronouns and Subordinate
Conjunctions
Parallel Construction
Linguistic
Devices
Reducing Bias in Language
Guideline 1: Describe at an
Appropriate Level of Specificity
Guideline 2: Be Sensitive
to Labels
Guideline 3: Acknowledge
Participation
Gender
Sexual
Orientation
Racial and Ethnic
Identity
Disabilities
Age
Organizing Ideas
Organizing a Manuscript With
Headings
Levels of Heading
Selecting the Levels of
Heading
2. Punctuation, Spelling, and Capitalization
Punctuation
Period
Comma
Semicolon
Colon
Dash
Quotation
Marks
Parentheses
Brackets
Slash
Spelling
Preferred Spelling
Hyphenation
Capitalization
Words Beginning a Sentence
Major
Words in Titles and Headings
Proper Nouns and Trade
Names
Nouns Followed by Numerals or Letters
Titles
of Tests
Names of Conditions or Groups in an
Experiment
Names of Factors, Variables, and Effects
3. Italicizing and Abbreviating
Italics
Italicizing Words
Abbreviations
Use of
Abbreviations
Explanation of
Abbreviations
Abbreviations Accepted as
Words
Abbreviations Used Often in APA
Journals
Latin Abbreviations
Scientific
Abbreviations
Other Abbreviations
Use of Periods
With Abbreviations
Plurals of
Abbreviations
Abbreviations Beginning a
Sentence
4. Numbers, Metrication, and Statistics
Numbers
Seriation
Numbers Expressed in
Figures
Numbers Expressed in Words
Combining
Figures and Words to Express Numbers
Ordinal
Numbers
Decimal Fractions
Roman
Numerals
Commas in Numbers
Plurals of Numbers
Metrication
Policy on Metrication
Style for
Metric Units
Statistical and Mathematical
Copy
Selecting the Method of Analysis and Retaining
Data
Selecting Effective Presentation
References
for Statistics
Formulas
Statistics in
Text
Statistical Symbols
Spacing, Alignment, and
Punctuation
Equations in Text
Displayed
Equations
5. Tables
Tabular Versus Textual Presentation
Relation of Tables
and Text
Relation Between Tables
Table Numbers
Table
Titles
Headings
Body of a Table
Presenting Data in
Specific Types of Tables
Notes to a Table
Ruling of
Tables
Size of Tables
Tables From Another
Source
Table Checklist
6. Figures
Deciding to Use Figures
Standards for
Figures
Types of Figures
Line Art Versus
Halftone
Overall Size and Proportion
Preparation of
Figures
Creating Graphs
Using Photographs
Identifying
and Citing Figures
Figure Legends and Captions
Submitting
Figures
Figure Checklist
7. Footnotes and Appendixes
Footnotes
Footnotes in Text
Notes to
Tables
Author Note
Appendixes
Identifying and Citing
Appendixes
Body and Headings
Tables as
Appendixes
Tests and Questionnaires
8. Quotations, Reference Citations in Text, and Reference List
Quotations
Quotation of
Sources
Accuracy
Double or Single Quotation
Marks
Changes From the Source Requiring No
Explanation
Changes From the Source Requiring
Explanation
Citation of Sources
Citations Within
Quotations
Permission to Quote
Plagiarism
Reference Citations in Text
Agreement of Text and
Reference List
One Work by One Author
One Work by
Multiple Authors
Groups as
Authors
Works With No Author (Including Legal
Material) or With an
Anonymous
Author
Authors With the Same Surname
Two or More
Works Within the Same Parentheses
Classical
Works
Specific Parts of a Source
Personal
Communications
Citations in Parenthetical Material
Reference List
Construction of an Accurate and
Complete Reference List
APA Reference
Style
Order of References in the Reference
List
References Included in a
Meta-Analysis
Introduction to APA Reference
Style
General
Forms
Authors
Publication
Date
Title of Article or Chapter
Title of Work and
Publication Information: Periodicals
Title of Work:
Nonperiodicals
Title of Work: Part of a Nonperiodical (Book
Chapters)
Publication Information:
Nonperiodicals
Retrieval Information: Electronic
Sources
9. Reference Examples
A.
Periodicals
B. Books, Brochures, and Book
Chapters
C. Technical and Research Reports
D.
Proceedings of Meetings and Symposia
E. Doctoral Dissertations
and Master's Theses
F. Unpublished Work and Publications of
Limited Circulation
G. Reviews
H. Audiovisual
Media
I. Electronic Media
Sources on the
Internet
Periodicals on the
Internet
Internet Articles Based on a Print
Source
Article in an Internet-Only Journal
Article in an
Internet-Only Journal, Retrieved Via File Transfer
Protocol
Article in an Internet-Only
Newsletter
Nonperiodical Documents on the
Internet
Multipage Document Created by Private
Organization, No Date
Chapter or Section in an
Internet Document
Stand-Alone Document, No Author
Identified, No Date
Document Available on University
Program or Department Web
Site
Technical and Research Reports on the
Internet
Report From a University, Available on
Private Organization Web
Site
U.S. Government Report Available on Government
Agency Web
Site, No Publication Date
Indicated
Report From a Private Organization,
Available on Organization
Web
Site
Abstract of a Technical Report Retrieved From
University Web
Site
Proceedings
of Meetings and Symposia on the Internet
Paper
Presented at a Symposium, Abstract Retrieved From
University Web Site
Paper Presented at a Virtual
Conference
E-Mail
Newsgroups, Online
Forums and Discussion Groups, and Electronic Mailing Lists
Message Posted to a
Newsgroup
Message Posted to Online Forum or
Discussion Group
Message Posted to an Electronic
Mailing List
Other Electronic
Sources
Aggregated
Databases
Electronic Copy of a Journal Article,
Three to Five
Authors, Retrieved From
Database
Daily Newspaper Article, Electronic
Version Available
by
Search
Electronic Copy of an Abstract Obtained
From a Secondary
Database
Electronic Version of U.S. Government
Report Available
by Search From GPO Access
Database (on the Web)
Computer Programs, Software,
and Programming Languages
Computer
Software
Computer Software and Manual Available on
University
Web Site
Raw
Data
Data File, Available From Government
Agency
Data File, Available From NTIS Web
Site
References
Appendix A. Style Rules Cross-Referenced to the Fifth Edition of the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
Checklist for Manuscript Submission
