From Sound to Synapse: Physiology of the Mammalian Ear / Edition 1

From Sound to Synapse: Physiology of the Mammalian Ear / Edition 1

by C. Daniel Geisler
ISBN-10:
0195100255
ISBN-13:
9780195100259
Pub. Date:
01/01/1998
Publisher:
Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN-10:
0195100255
ISBN-13:
9780195100259
Pub. Date:
01/01/1998
Publisher:
Oxford University Press, USA
From Sound to Synapse: Physiology of the Mammalian Ear / Edition 1

From Sound to Synapse: Physiology of the Mammalian Ear / Edition 1

by C. Daniel Geisler

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Overview

This comprehensive introduction to the functions of the mammalian ear describes the major steps by which sound is transformed into nerve impulses. The author leads the reader along the pathway followed by the acoustic signal. He starts with the collection of sound by the outer ear, proceeds to its transfer by the middle ear, and finally analyzes its modification in the inner ear, where the sound waves are transformed into nerve impulses. The book concludes with descriptions of some common ear impairments and a brief survey of the treatments available for them.
At each stage of the ear's sound processing, Professor Geisler discusses the basic mechanisms, covering current theories and illustrating the discussions with experimental data. Although he uses an extensive array of analogies and mathematical models, he considers only the basic theory and the outputs of the models, not their derivation or formal usage. Where appropriate, related mechanisms in the ears of other vertebrates are considered.
From Sound to Synapse is written in lucid, accessible style that makes no assumptions about the scientific background of the reader apart from a basic familiarity with pulse generation by neurons. It will be of value to researchers and students in sensory physiology, neurophysiology, acoustics, bioengineering, psychoacoustics, and neuroscience. It will also benefit neurologists, audiologists, otolaryngologists, and other clinicians interested in a more detailed description of sound processing.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9780195100259
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Publication date: 01/01/1998
Edition description: New Edition
Pages: 400
Product dimensions: 9.20(w) x 6.30(h) x 1.40(d)

About the Author

C. Daniel Geisler, Sc.D., is Emeritus Professor of Neurophysiology and of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
The Task of the Ear
Two Overriding Characteristics of the Ears Transformations
General Features of this Book
Entre
I. Mechanisms of the Ear
2. Sound Waves
Propagation of Sound Waves
Amplitudes
Waveforms
The Frequency-Pressure Range of Human Perception
3. The External Ear
Acoustic Considerations
Physical Mechanisms of Interaurnal Sound Differences
Implications Regarding Performance of the Auditory System
4. The Middle Ear
The Reptilian Middle Ear
The Mammalian Middle Ear
Middle-Ear Muscles
Diagnostic Tests Involving the Middle Ear
Recapitulation
5. Sound-Induced Vibrations within the Inner Ear
Basic Anatomy
Sound Propagation within the Inner Ear
Mechanical Measurements Made in Dead Cochleas
A Model of Cochlear-Partition Vibrations
Mechanical Measurements Made in Living Cochleas
Response Patterns to Complex Sounds
A Look Ahead
6. Transfer of Sound-Induced Vibrations to Sensing Cells
Functional Anatomy
Basic Mechanical Motions
Chemical And Electrical Milieu of the Organ of Corti
II. Hair-Cell Functions
7. Transduction Processes in Hair Cells
Ultra-Structural Anatomy
Transduction of Ciliary Rotations into Cell Potentials
Mechanisms of Hair-Cell Frequency Selectivity
8. Hair Cells of the Mammalian Cochlea
Structural Anatomy
Ion Flows through Plasma Membranes
Basic Electrophysiology
Transduction Potentials
Motility of Outer Hair Cells (Reverse Transduction)
9. The Cochlear Amplifier
Historical Background
The Role of Outer Hair Cells I Cochlear-Partition
A Cochlear Mode
Another Possible Amplification Process
Summary
10. Nonlinear Responses of the Cochlear Partition: Suppressions and Otoacoustic Emissions
Review of Linear Systems
Two-Tone Suppressions
Otoacoustic Emissions
Summary of Nonlinear Phenomena
III. Neural Responses
11. Afferent Innervation
Synaptic Transmission between Hair Cells and Afferent Neurons
Neural Activity in the Absence of Deliberate Acoustic Stimulation
12. Responses of Primary Auditory Neurons to Single Tones
General Pattern of Responses
Properties of Discharge-Rate Responses
Temporal Synchronization of Discharges to Stimulus
13. Responses of Primary Auditory Neurons to Other Basic Sounds
Relationships between Time and Frequency
Responses to Clicks
Responses to Modulated Tones
Responses to Pairs of Tones
Coda
14. Responses of Primary Auditory Neurons to Speech Sounds
Speech Acoustics
Responses to Vowel Sounds
Responses to Certain Voiceless Consonants
A Class of Useful Models
Responses to Consonant-Vowel Combinations (Syllables)
Responses to Syllables in Noise
Summary
15. Feedback from the Central Nervous System
Anatomy
Responses of Single Efferent Neurons
Cochlear Responses to Efferent-System Activation
Neurotransmitters of the Efferent Systems
A Model of MOC Efferent Activity
Functions of the Cochlear Efferent System
The Roles of Efferents in Other Acoustico-Lateralis Systems
Synopsis
IV. Damage and Treatment
16. Damage to the Ear and Hearing Impairment
Threats to the Sense of Hearing
Defects in the External and Middle Ears (Conductive Hearing Losses)
Defects in the Inner Ear (Sensory and Strial Losses)
Defects of Primary Auditory Neurons (Neural Pathology)
Tinnitus
Summary
17. Treatments of Damaged Ears
Introduction
Procedures and Prostheses for Treating Middle-Ear Disorders
Aids for Treating Inner-Ear Disorders
Treatments of Tinnitus
Repair and Regrowth of the Damaged Cochlea
Curtain
Appendix A: Fourier Theory: The Representation of Continuous Waveforms with Sinusoids
Sinusoids (Sines and Cosines)
The Usefulness of Sinusoids
Harmonic Relationships
Fourier Series
The Fast Fourier Transform
Aperiodic Signals
Other Analysis Techniques
Appendix B: Acoustic Resonances
Appendix C: Impedance
Responses to Linear (Time-Invariant) Systems
Impedance Calculations
Index
Bibliography

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