Table of Contents
Introduction xi
Part I 1454-1600: Two Major Transformations 1
1 Christian Beginnings in America 9
The preconquest era 9
The conquest begins 11
Subduing the Aztecs 15
Conquering the Incas 17
Colonization of Brazil 17
Requerimiento, encomienda, and conquistadors 20
Defending the rights of indigenous peoples 21
Characteristics of Christian life in sixteenth-century America 25
Women in Catholic America 28
Beginnings of the transformation of Christianity in America 31
2 African Christianity in the Sixteenth Century 34
Ancient roots of Christianity in Africa 34
West African culture and Portuguese incursions 35
Africa, Christianity, and the slave trade 40
Ethiopian Christianity 45
3 Christianity Re-encounters Asia 54
Western Christianity comes to Asia 54
St. Thomas Churches and Indian Christianity 56
Arrival of the Portuguese 58
Francis Xavier and the Jesuits 61
Christian beginnings in Japan 63
Christianity reaches the Phillippines 65
Europeans in the East Indies and Indochina 67
4 Europe in an Age of Reform 71
A changing Europe steps onto a global stage 71
The humanists and European cultural transformation 74
Francisco Ximénes de Cisneros and reforms in Spain 76
Erasmus of Rotterdam and the broad current of humanist learning 79
Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation in Germany 81
Spread of the Lutheran reform beyond Saxony 88
Ulrich Zwingli and the city of Zurich 89
The first Anabaptists, the Swiss Brethren 91
Wide diffusion of the Anabaptists 93
John Calvin and the Geneva Reformation 99
Spread of the Reformed faith 104
Separation of the Church of England from Rome under Henry VIII 106
Reform in Scotland 109
Early Unitarians 111
Catholic reforms led by religious orders 112
Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits 115
The Council of Trent and Catholic institutional reform 118
The legacy of a turbulent century 123
5 Orthodoxy amid the Empires 125
Islamic empires 125
Christians under Ottoman rule 127
The Coptic Church in Egypt 130
Christians under Safavid Persian rule 132
The Russian Orthodox Church 134
The Ukrainian Church on the borderlands 142
6 World Christianity at the End of the Sixteenth Century 145
Protestant confessional formations in Europe 145
Roman Catholic reform and development 151
Orthodoxy and the Ottoman empire 152
Conflicts in world Christianity beyond Europe 154
Part II The Seventeenth Century: Global Religious and Secular Encounters 165
7 Eastern Asia in the Seventeenth Century 167
The doors of China swing open...and shut 167
Jesuits enter the Middle Kingdom 169
Controversy over adaptation of Christianity to Chinese culture 174
Korean beginnings 178
Christian twilight in Japan 179
Vietnam 182
Siam and Cambodia 187
Catholics and Reformed in the East Indies 189
Spain and Catholic religion in the Philippines 191
8 South Asia in the Seventeenth Century 195
Disputes over Roman Catholic and St. Thomas rites 195
Christian witness in the Mughul empire 199
Roberto de Nobili and Christian adaptation in Hindu Madurai 204
9 African Christian Kingdoms 209
African in the emerging global slave trade 209
Central Africa 210
Ethiopia 217
East and southeast Africa 221
10 The Caribbean and South America 226
The Caribbean 226
Slavery 229
Brazil 233
Spanish America 237
Religious practices in America 242
11 North America 247
Spanish and French Catholic beginnings in North America 247
The Franciscan century in New Mexico 251
The English in North America 253
Colonies of Virginia, New Amsterdam, Maryland, and Pennsylvania 258
Africans in North America 259
12 Europe in the Seventeenth Century 263
Rationalism and science 263
Wars of religion and European realignment 267
Roman Catholic reforms amid internal tensions 269
Three important movements within Protestantism 277
Developments in German Lutheranism 279
Developments in Reformed Churches in continental Europe 282
Anabaptists 286
Reformed ferment and civil war in England 286
The Quakers 289
Baptists and the emergence of the Free Church ideal 291
Religious toleration in England 293
13 Orthodox Churches and Christian Identity in the Seventeenth Century 296
Churches among empires 296
Orthodox communities in the Balkans 298
The Maronite Church in Lebanon 300
Theological conflicts in the ecumenical patriarchate 301
The Coptic Church and the Ottomans 302
Armenian Christians between Russia and the Ottomans 305
Kurds between Christians and Muslims 307
The East Syrian Church continues to decline 308
Orthodoxy in Russia and the Ukraine 309
Part III The Eighteenth Century: Independence, Liberation, Awakenings 317
14 Africa in the Eighteenth Century 319
An overview 319
Strengthening within Islam 320
West Africa 322
Abolitionism begins 327
Southern Africa 330
Ethiopia and East Africa 334
15 The Eighteenth Century in Europe 337
The European Enlightenment 338
Renewal of Catholic life and worship 348
The Jansenist controversy 351
Developments in Protestant intellectual and spiritual life 353
Pietism and the religion of the heart 355
Wesleyan movement and evangelical revivalism 359
Expansion of "Free" Churches 364
Development in church music 365
Impact of the Industrial Revolution on European religious life 367
The French Revolution creates a new world for Christianity 368
16 The Orthodox World in the Eighteenth Century 373
The Russian Orthodox Church and the tsars 374
Orthodoxy under the Ottomans in the Balkans and west Asia 380
Coptic Church in the eighteenth century 385
Armenian Christianity in the eighteenth century 388
Syrian Orthodoxy in Persia 391
Islam and Christianity 392
17 Christianity in East and Southeast Asia amid Colonial Conflicts 396
China and self-inflicted Christian wounds 396
Korea 399
Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand 402
The Philippines 405
The Dutch East Indies 408
South Asia 410
18 South America and the Caribbean in an Age of Revolution 417
The Caribbean 417
South America 422
Social upheavals 427
19 North America Undergoes Awakening and Revolution 432
Revivals and awakening in the North American context 435
Africans develop a distinct form of Christianity 441
Missions to Native Americans in the eastern colonies 444
Missions to Native Americans in the West 446
The War of Independence 450
Freedom of religion in the new nation 453
The varieties of religion in the early United States 455
Forming new churches 458
African American churches emerge 467
Developments in Canada 470
Russian Orthodox missions in the Northwest 473
Index 475
