IPv6 Fundamentals: A Straightforward Approach to Understanding IPv6 / Edition 1

by Rick Graziani

Overview

To support future business continuity, growth, and innovation, organizations must transition to IPv6, the next generation protocol for defining how computers communicate over networks. IPv6 Fundamentals provides a thorough yet easy-to-understand introduction to the new knowledge and skills network professionals and students need to deploy and manage IPv6 networks.

Leading networking instructor Rick Graziani explains all the basics simply and clearly, one step at a time, providing all the details you’ll need to succeed. Building on this introductory coverage, he then introduces more powerful techniques that involve multiple protocols and processes and provides hands-on resources you can rely on for years to come.

You’ll begin by learning why IPv6 is necessary, how it was created, and how it works. Next, Graziani thoroughly introduces IPv6 addressing, configuration options, and routing protocols, including RIPng, EIGRP for IPv6, and OSPFv3. You’ll learn how to integrate IPv6 with IPv4, enabling both protocols to coexist smoothly as you move towards full reliance on IPv6.

Throughout, Graziani presents all the IOS command syntax you’ll need, offering specific examples, diagrams, and Cisco-focused IPv6 configuration tips. You’ll also find links to Cisco white papers and official IPv6 RFCs that support an even deeper understanding.

Rick Graziani teaches computer science and computer networking courses at Cabrillo College. He has worked and taught in the computer networking and IT field for nearly 30 years, and currently consults for Cisco and other leading clients. Graziani’s recent Cisco Networking Academy Conference presentation on IPv6 Fundamentals and Routing drew a standing audience and the largest virtual audience for any session at the event. He previously worked for companies including Santa Cruz Operation, Tandem Computers, and Lockheed.

· Understand how IPv6 overcomes IPv4’s key limitations

· Compare IPv6 with IPv4 to see what has changed and what hasn’t

· Represent IPv6 addresses, including subnet addresses

· Enable IPv6 on router interfaces using static, dynamic, EUI-64, unnumbered, SLAAC, and DHCPv6 approaches

· Improve network operations with ICMPv6 and Neighbor Discovery Protocol

· Configure IPv6 addressing and Access Control Lists using a common topology

· Work with IPv6 routing tables and configure IPv6 static routes

· Compare, configure, and verify each IPv6 IGP routing protocol

· Implement stateful and stateless DHCPv6 services

· Integrate IPv6 with other upper-level protocols, including DNS, TCP, and UDP

· Use dual-stack techniques to run IPv4 and IPv6 on the same device

· Establish coexistence between IPv4 and IPv6 through manual, 6to4, or ISATAP tunneling

· Promote a smooth transition with NAT64 (Network Address Translation IPv6 to IPv4)

·

This book is part of the Cisco Press Fundamentals Series. Books in this series introduce networking professionals to new networking technologies, covering network topologies, sample deployment concepts, protocols, and management techniques.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781587143137
Publisher:	Cisco Press
Publication date:	10/30/2012
Series:	Fundamentals Series
Pages:	419
Product dimensions:	7.40(w) x 9.00(h) x 1.00(d)

About the Author

Rick Graziani teaches computer science and computer networking courses at Cabrillo College in Aptos, California. Prior to teaching, he worked in the information technology field for Santa Cruz Operation, Tandem Computers, and Lockheed Missiles and Space Corporation. He holds an M.A. in computer science and systems theory from California State University Monterey Bay. Rick also does consulting work for Cisco Systems. When he is not working, he is most likely surfing at one of his favorite Santa Cruz surf breaks.

Table of Contents

Introduction xvi

Part I: Background Justification and Perspective for IPv6

Chapter 1 Introduction to IPv6 1

IPv4 1

Early Years of the Internet 2

IPv5 5

History of IPv6 5

Benefits of IPv6 7

IPv6: When? 8

IPv4 Address Depletion 9

CIDR 10

NAT and Private Addresses 12

Exhaustion of IPv4 Address Space 15

Migrating to IPv6 17

Chapter 2 The IPv6 Protocol 23

IPv4 Header 23

IPv6 Header 27

Packet Analysis Using Wireshark 31

Extension Headers 33

Hop-by-Hop Options Extension Header 36

Routing Extension Header 38

Fragment Extension Header 39

IPsec: AH and ESP Extension Headers 40

IPsec 40

Transport and Tunnel Modes 41

Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Extension Header 42

Authentication Header (AH) Extension Header 43

Destination Options Extension Header 45

No Next Header 46

Comparing IPv4 and IPv6 46

IPv4 and IPv6 Header Comparisons 46

Other Differences 47

Larger Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) 47

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 48

Fragmentation 48

Part II: IPv6: The Protocol

Chapter 3 IPv6 Addressing 51

Hexadecimal Number System 51

Representation of IPv6 Addresses 54

Rule 1: Omission of Leading 0s 55

Rule 2: Omission of all-0s hextets 57

Combining Rule 1 and Rule 2 58

Prefix Notation 60

Brief Look at IPv6 Address Types 63

Unicast Addresses 63

Anycast Addresses 64

Multicast Addresses 64

Structure of a Global Unicast Address 64

Global Routing Prefix 65

Subnet ID 65

Interface ID 65

3-1-4 Rule 65

Putting It Together 67

Subnetting 71

Extending the Subnet Prefix 73

Subnetting on a Nibble Boundary 75

Subnetting Within a Nibble 76

Limiting the Interface ID Space 77

Chapter 4 IPv6 Address Types 81

IPv6 Address Space 82

Unicast Address 84

Global Unicast Address 85

Manual Global Unicast Configuration 87

Dynamic Configuration 99

Link-local Unicast 107

Dynamic Link-local Address: EUI-64 109

Randomly Generated Interface IDs 110

Static Link-local Address 111

Link-local Addresses and Duplicate Address Detection 114

Link-local Addresses and Default Gateways 115

Isolated Link-local Address 116

Loopback Address 116

Unspecified Address 118

Unique Local Address 119

IPv4 Embedded Address 121

IPv4-Compatible IPv6 Addresses 122

IPv4-Mapped IPv6 Addresses 123

Multicast 124

Assigned Multicast Addresses 127

Solicited-Node Multicast Addresses 130

Anycast Address 132

Chapter 5 ICMPv6 and Neighbor Discovery Protocol 139

General Message Format 140

ICMP Error Messages 144

Destination Unreachable 145

Packet Too Big 146

Path MTU Discovery 147

Time Exceeded 148

Parameter Problem 149

ICMP Informational Messages 149

Echo Request and Echo Reply 150

Pinging a Global Unicast Address 151

Pinging a Link-local Address 153

Multicast Listener Discovery 155

Neighbor Discovery Protocol 159

Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement Messages 160

Neighbor Solicitation and Neighbor Advertisement Messages 169

Neighbor Cache and Destination Cache 172

Address Resolution 174

Duplicate Address Detection 180

Neighbor Unreachability Detection 182

Stateless Address Autoconfiguration 182

Redirect Messages 184

Chapter 6 IPv6 Configuration 191

Configuring Global Unicast Addresses 193

Configuring Link-local Addresses 195

The ipv6 enable Command 199

Configuring a Global Unicast Address with the EUI-64 Option 200

Removing an IPv6 Address 202

Enabling IPv6 Packet Forwarding and ND Router Advertisements 203

Neighbor Cache 205

Tuning Neighbor Discovery Parameters 207

Final Configurations 213

IPv6 Access Control Lists 216

Denying Access from FACE:C0DE to CAFE 217

Permitting Local Telnet Access 221

Part III: Routing IPv6

Chapter 7 Introduction to Routing IPv6 227

IPv6 Routing Table 228

Code: Connected 231

Code: Local 233

Comparing IPv6 and IPv4 Routing Tables 234

Configuring IPv6 Static Routes 237

Changing the Administrative Distance 247

Final Configurations and Verification 249

CEF for IPv6 251

Chapter 8 IPv6 IGP Routing Protocols 255

RIPng for IPv6 257

Comparing RIPng for IPv6 and RIPv2 257

Configuring RIPng on Cisco Routers 259

Verifying RIPng 264

EIGRP for IPv6 272

Comparing EIGRP for IPv4 and EIGRP for IPv6 272

Configuring EIGRP for IPv6 273

Verifying EIGRP for IPv6 278

OSPFv3 286

Comparing OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 287

Configuring OSPFv3 289

Verifying OSPFv3 293

Chapter 9 DHCPv6 (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version 6) 303

DHCPv6 Services 303

DHCPv6 Terminology, Multicast Addresses, and Message Types 306

DHCPv6 Communications 309

Configuring Stateless DHCPv6 313

Rapid Commit Option 318

Configuring the Rapid Commit Option 319

Relay Agent Communications 320

Configuring the Relay Agent 322

Other Upper-Layer Protocols 323

DNS 323

DNS Query and Response 326

TCP and UDP 328

Chapter 10 Dual-Stack and Tunneling 333

Dual-Stack 334

IPv6 Address Format in URL Syntax 336

Configuring a Dual-Stack Network 337

Tunneling 344

Manual Tunnels 349

6to4 Tunnels 356

6to4 Tunnels and Loopback Interfaces 364

ISATAP 365

Other Tunneling Technologies 373

Chapter 11 Network Address Translation IPv6 to IPv4 (NAT64) 377

NAT64 378

Traffic Initiated from IPv6-only Clients to IPv4-only Servers 379

Configuration 383

Traffic Initiated from IPv4-only Clients to IPv6-only Servers 387

NAT-PT: Network Address Translation – Protocol Translation 389

Application Level Gateway 390

Using NAT-PT 391

Static NAT-PT 394

Dynamic NAT-PT 399

Other Translation Techniques 402

9781587143137, TOC, 9/18/2012